C# 复数类 Complex

1. 前言

在.net 中没有提供复数类的操作。第三方库Math.net中包含了复数的相关定义、矩阵、线性代数以及傅里叶变换等一整套数学操作。但当项目中只需简单计算复数时，引入库并非较好的选择，重新手写一个复数类效率更高，与项目的契合度也更好。

2. 复数类布局思路和代码实现

复数类编写不具有很大难度，但多数复数类均只支持使用实部虚部模式构造一个复数，而幅值相位模式也是构造复数的一个方式。现给出可以满足两种方法构造的复数类实现：

using System;
namespace MathUtil
{
   
	public struct Complex : IComparable, IFormattable, IComparable<Complex>, IEquatable<Complex>
	{
   
        //一些有用的常量
		private const double DoublePI = 2 * Math.PI;
		private const double NegativePI = -1 * Math.PI;

		public const double RadToDeg = 180.0 / Math.PI;
		public const double DegToRad = Math.PI / 180.0;
        //字段
		private double _real;
		private double _imag;
		private double _magnitude;
		private double _phase;
        //私有的构造函数，外部不能直接通过含参的构造函数创建复数
		private Complex(double real, double imag, double magnitude, double phase) : this()
		{
   
			_real = real;
			_imag = imag;
			_magnitude = magnitude;
			_phase = phase;
		}
        //实部虚部和幅值相位，获取时直接获取，设置时进行更新
		public double Real
		{
   
			get => _real;
			set
			{
   
				_real = value;
				this.UpdateFromRealImagMode();
			}
		}
		public double Imag
		{
   
			get => _imag;
			set
			{
   
				_imag = value;
				this.UpdateFromRealImagMode();
			}
		}

		public double Magnitude
		{
   
			get => _magnitude;
			set
			{
   
				_magnitude = value;
				this.UpdateFromMagniPhaseMode();
			}
		}
		public double Phase
		{
   
			get => _phase;
			set
			{
   
				_phase = value;
				this.UpdateFromMagniPhaseMode();
			}
		}
        //共轭复数，使用静态的工厂方法创建（工厂方法在下方）
		public Complex Conjugate => Complex.FromRealImagMode(this._real, -1 * this._imag);
        //判断值是否为非数字
		public bool IsNaN => Double.IsNaN(this._real) || Double.IsNaN(this._imag);
        //这里使用私有构造直接创建NaN的Complex
		public static Complex NaN => new Complex(Double.NaN, Double.NaN, Double.NaN, Double.NaN);
        //转换为NaN的Complex， 此处使用 ref 直接获取引用
		public static void ToNaN(ref Complex target)
		{
   
			target._real = Double.NaN;
			target._imag = Double.NaN;
			target._magnitude = Double.NaN;
			target._phase = Double.NaN;
		}
        //复制值， 此处使用 ref 直接获取引用
		public static void CopyValue(ref Complex target, ref Complex source)
		{
   
			target._real = source._real;
			target._imag = source._imag;
			target._magnitude = source._magnitude;
			target._phase = source._phase;
		}
        //静态的工厂方法，共两种
		public static Complex FromRealImagMode(double real, double imag = 0.0)
		{
   
			double magnitude = 0;
			double phase = 0;
			if (real != 0 || imag != 0)
			{
   
				magnitude = Math.Sqrt