网络架构与七层网络模型简介

Applications

Application Protocol:

• URL: Uniform resource locater
• HTTP: Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
• TCP: Transmission Control Protocol
• 17 messages for one URL request
  • 6 to find the IP (Internet Protocol) address
  • 3 for connection establishment of TCP
  • 4 for HTTP request and acknowledgement
    • Request: I got your request and I will send the data
    • Reply: Here is the data you requested; I got the data
  • 4 messages for tearing down TCP connection

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Network Connectivity

Important terminologies(术语):

• Link(连线：有线、无线)
• Nodes(设备)
• Point-to-point(点对点连接)
• Multiple access(多路存取，总线连接)
• Switched Network
  • Circuit Switched(电路交换)
  • Packet Switched(分组交换)
• Packet, message
• Store-and-forward(存储转发)
• Hosts
• Switches
• Spanning tree(生成树：防止分组传输环路中循环)
• internetwork
• Router/gateway(路由器/网关)
• Host-to-host connectivity(终端连接)
• Address
• Routing(寻找分组传输的最优路径)
• Unicast/broadcast/multicast(单传/广播/所有)
• LAN (Local Area Networks)
• MAN (Metropolitan Area Networks)
• WAN (Wide Area Networks)：Internet

相同起点和终点的分组两次的传输线路可能不同，router之间相互沟通得知网络状态以调整分组的传输线路。

不同网络的分组上限值不同，router在转发时会将大分组切成小分组，之后每一个小分组都是独立的，可以选择自己的传输线路。

分组上有一个count变量，router每处理一次减一，减到零的时候丢弃，表明这个分组在网络中绕路太久。

Cost-Effective Resource Sharing(资源共享)

Resource: links and nodes

How to share a link ?

• Multiplexing(多路复用：多输入一输出switch)
  • FDM: Frequency Division Multiplexing(频分复用)
  • TDM: Synchronous Time-division Multiplexing(时分复用)
  • Statistical Multiplexing: Data is transmitted based on demand of each flow(按流量分配)
    • flow(电脑之间的流量)
    • FIFO(先进先出), Round-Robin(轮流), Priorities (Quality-of-Service (QoS))(按优先级排序)
    • Congested(阻塞)
• De-multiplexing(分流：一输入多输出switch)

Logical Channels

Application-to-Application communication path or a pipe.

• Ex: TCP连线

Network Reliability(可靠性)

Network should hide the errors:

• Bits are lost
  • Bit errors (1 to a 0, and vice versa(反过来也一样))
  • Burst errors – several consecutive(连续) errors
• Packets are lost (Congestion(阻塞))
• Links and Node failures(router)
• Messages are delayed
• Messages are delivered out-of-order
• Third parties eavesdrop(第三方监听)

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Network Architecture

Protocols

• 概念

Protocols: Building blocks(核心) of a network architecture.

Protocol defines the interfaces between the layers in the same system(纵向) and with the layers of peer system(横向).

Each protocol object has two different interfaces:

• Service interface: operations on this protocol(纵向).
• Peer-to-peer interface: messages exchanged with peer(横向).

.

• 重要性

Protocol Specification(规范): pseudo-code(伪代码), state transition diagram(状态转换图), message format(报文格式).

Interoperable(可互通的): when two or more protocols that implement the specification accurately(非常正确)。

IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force： Define Internet standard protocols。

Encapsulation(封装)

High-level messages are encapsulated inside of low-level messages.

OSI Architecture(Open Systems Interconnection)

The OSI 7-layer Model

• Application
• Presentation
• Session
• Transport: 提供可靠传输（TCP）或不可靠传输（UDP）。
• Network: 封包如何从起始节点传递到目的节点（不可靠服务）。
• Data Link: 封包如何从一个节点传递到下一个节点。
• Physical: 封包如何传输。

网络核心设备

• Router(WAN): Network Layer, 根据网络状态，IP地址（32 Bits）动态选择路线。
• Switch(LAN, Ethernet(以太网)): Data Link Layer, 根据网络状态，网卡位置（48 Bits）（MAC）动态选择路线。
• Access Point(AP)(LAN, WiFI)(基地台): Data Link Layer, 根据网络状态，网卡位置（48 Bits）动态选择路线。

Description of Layers

• Physical Layer (如何将原始的数据在link上传输)
  • Handles the transmission of raw bits over a communication link。
  • Different Signal Coding schemes.(message + clock: hide clock in message)
• Data Link Layer (如何将frame传给直接相连的主机或设备)
  • Collects a stream of bits into a frame.
  • Transmit a frame to a directly connected host (destination):
    • Point-to-point.
    • Multiple access.
    • MAC, Media Access Control Protocol(CSMA, Carrier Sense Multiple Access, 载波侦听多路访问):
      • CSMA/CD (IEEE 802.3 Ethernet).
      • CSMA/CA (IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN).
• Network Layer (如何将封包 Internet 送给目的地主机)
  • Transmit frames to a host via(通过) the Internet.
  • Handles routing among nodes within a packet-switched network.
  • Data exchanged between nodes in this layer is called a packet.
  • Routing protocols(Router间互传信息):
    • RIP: 每30秒交换一下信息.
    • OSPF(Open Shortest Path First): 计算最短路径.
    • BGP(Border Gateway Protocol，边界网关协议).
  • Routing Tables(根据Routing protocols动态变化).
• Transport Layer (提供不同主机 processes 之间的资料传送)
  • Implements a process-to-process channel.
  • Unit of data exchanges in this layer is called a message.
  • TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) – Reliable service.
  • UDP (User Datagram Protocol) – Unreliable service.
• Session Layer
  • Provides a name space that is used to tie together the potentially(可能) different transport streams that are part of a single application.
• Presentation Layer
  • Concerned about the format of data exchanged between peers.
• Application Layer
  • Standardize common type of exchanges.
  • FTP, E-mail, DNS, HTTP, Browsers, FB, etc.

总结

The OSI 7-layer Model is defined by IETF, But does not imply strict layering. The application is free to bypass the defined transport layers and to directly use IP or other underlying networks. (OSI并不意味着严格的分层，应用程序可以绕过定义的传输层并直接使用IP或其他底层网络。)

The Internet Architecture An hour-glass shape(沙漏), IP serves as the focal point for the architecture. (IP是互联网架构中最重要的一个点， The Network Layer has only IP Protocol.)

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Network Performance(性能)

Bandwidth(带宽)

• Width of the frequency band.
• Number of bits per second that can be transmitted over a communication link.

Latency = Propagation(传送) time + transmission(传输) time + queuing time.

• Propagation time = distance/speed of light.(距离有关)
• Transmission time = size/bandwidth.(封包长度有关)

Delay X Bandwidth

The channel between a pair of processes can be viewed as a pipe:

• Latency (delay): length of the pipe.
• Bandwidth: width of the pipe.
• Delay x Bandwidth: how many data can be stored in the pipe.

Relative importance of bandwidth and latency depends on application

• For large file transfer, bandwidth is critical.
• For small messages (HTTP, NFS, etc.), latency is critical.
• Variance in latency (jitter) can also affect some applications.

If the sender keeps the pipe full, delay x bandwidth is the number of bits the sender must transmit before the first bit arrives at the receiver.

在停下来等对方回应之前，传送delay × bandwidth的信息量可以充分地利用（utilize）网络资源。

Throughput

RTT(Round-Trip Time): 往返时延。在计算机网络中它是一个重要的性能指标，表示从发送端发送数据开始，到发送端收到来自接收端的确认（接收端收到数据后便立即发送确认），总共经历的时延。
Throughput = TransferSize / TransferTime.
TransferTime = RTT + TransferSize/Bandwidth.

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