正态分布
概率密度为:
φ
(
x
)
=
1
2
π
σ
e
−
(
x
−
μ
)
2
2
σ
2
,
−
∞
<
x
<
+
∞
,
\varphi(x)=\frac{1}{\displaystyle \sqrt{2\pi}\sigma}e^{\displaystyle -\frac{(x-\mu)^2}{\displaystyle 2\sigma^2}},-\infty<x<+\infty,
φ(x)=2πσ1e−2σ2(x−μ)2,−∞<x<+∞,
其中
σ
>
0
\sigma>0
σ>0,
−
∞
<
μ
<
+
∞
-\infty<\mu<+\infty
−∞<μ<+∞,
φ
(
x
)
\varphi(x)
φ(x)关于
x
=
μ
x=\mu
x=μ对称。
伽马函数
Γ
(
α
)
=
∫
0
+
∞
x
α
−
1
e
−
x
d
x
(
α
>
0
)
\Gamma(\alpha)=\displaystyle \int^{+\infty}_{0}{x^{\alpha-1}e^{-x}dx}(\alpha>0)
Γ(α)=∫0+∞xα−1e−xdx(α>0)
性质:
Γ
(
α
+
1
)
=
α
Γ
(
α
)
,
Γ
(
n
+
1
)
=
n
!
,
Γ
(
1
2
)
=
π
,
Γ
(
1
)
=
1
\Gamma(\alpha+1)=\alpha\Gamma(\alpha),\Gamma(n+1)=n!,\Gamma(\frac{1}{2})=\sqrt{\pi},\Gamma(1)=1
Γ(α+1)=αΓ(α),Γ(n+1)=n!,Γ(21)=π,Γ(1)=1
例题
若
X
X
X~
N
(
0
,
1
)
N(0,1)
N(0,1),求
E
(
X
n
)
=
∫
−
∞
+
∞
x
n
1
2
π
e
−
x
2
2
d
x
E(X^n)= \displaystyle \int^{+\infty}_{-\infty}{x^n\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}}e^{\displaystyle-\frac{x^2}{2}}dx}
E(Xn)=∫−∞+∞xn2π1e−2x2dx
若n为奇数,则
E
(
X
n
)
=
0
E(X^n)=0
E(Xn)=0
若n为偶数,则
E
(
X
n
)
=
∫
−
∞
+
∞
x
n
1
2
π
e
−
x
2
2
d
x
=
2
2
π
∫
0
+
∞
x
n
−
1
e
−
x
2
2
d
x
2
2
=
2
2
π
∫
0
+
∞
2
t
n
−
1
e
−
t
d
t
=
2
2
n
−
2
π
Γ
(
n
−
1
2
+
1
)
=
2
2
n
−
2
π
⋅
n
−
1
2
Γ
(
n
−
1
2
)
=
2
2
n
−
2
π
⋅
n
−
1
2
Γ
(
n
−
3
2
+
1
)
=
⋅
⋅
⋅
=
2
2
n
−
2
π
⋅
n
−
1
2
⋅
n
−
3
2
⋅
⋅
⋅
⋅
⋅
π
=
2
n
−
2
2
n
2
−
1
⋅
(
n
−
1
)
⋅
(
n
−
3
)
⋅
⋅
⋅
⋅
⋅
1
=
(
n
−
1
)
⋅
(
n
−
3
)
⋅
⋅
⋅
⋅
⋅
1
\begin{aligned} E(X^n) &=\displaystyle \int^{+\infty}_{-\infty}{x^n\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}}e^{\displaystyle-\frac{x^2}{2}}dx}\\ &=\frac{2}{\sqrt{2\pi}}\displaystyle \int^{+\infty}_{0}{x^{n-1}e^{\displaystyle-\frac{x^2}{2}}d\frac{x^2}{2}}\\ &=\frac{2}{\sqrt{2\pi}}\displaystyle \int^{+\infty}_{0}{\sqrt{2t}^{n-1}e^{\displaystyle-t}dt}\\ &=\frac{2\sqrt{2}^{n-2}}{\sqrt{\pi}}\Gamma(\frac{n-1}{2}+1)\\ &=\frac{2\sqrt{2}^{n-2}}{\sqrt{\pi}}\cdot \frac{n-1}{2}\Gamma(\frac{n-1}{2})\\ &=\frac{2\sqrt{2}^{n-2}}{\sqrt{\pi}}\cdot \frac{n-1}{2}\Gamma(\frac{n-3}{2}+1)\\ &=···\\ &=\frac{2\sqrt{2}^{n-2}}{\sqrt{\pi}}\cdot \frac{n-1}{2}\cdot \frac{n-3}{2}\cdot···\cdot\sqrt{\pi}\\ &=\frac{\sqrt{2}^{n-2}}{2^{\frac{n}{2}-1}}\cdot (n-1)\cdot (n-3)\cdot···\cdot 1\\ &=(n-1)\cdot (n-3)\cdot···\cdot 1 \end{aligned}
E(Xn)=∫−∞+∞xn2π1e−2x2dx=2π2∫0+∞xn−1e−2x2d2x2=2π2∫0+∞2tn−1e−tdt=π22n−2Γ(2n−1+1)=π22n−2⋅2n−1Γ(2n−1)=π22n−2⋅2n−1Γ(2n−3+1)=⋅⋅⋅=π22n−2⋅2n−1⋅2n−3⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅π=22n−12n−2⋅(n−1)⋅(n−3)⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅1=(n−1)⋅(n−3)⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅1
因此,
E
(
X
n
)
=
∫
−
∞
+
∞
x
n
1
2
π
e
−
x
2
2
d
x
=
{
0
,
n
为
奇
数
,
(
n
−
1
)
⋅
(
n
−
3
)
⋅
⋅
⋅
1
,
n
为
偶
数
.
E(X^n)= \displaystyle \int^{+\infty}_{-\infty}{x^n\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}}e^{\displaystyle-\frac{x^2}{2}}dx}= \left\{\begin{matrix} 0&,& n为奇数,\\ (n-1)\cdot (n-3)\cdot\cdot\cdot 1&,& n为偶数.\\ \end{matrix}\right.
E(Xn)=∫−∞+∞xn2π1e−2x2dx={0(n−1)⋅(n−3)⋅⋅⋅1,,n为奇数,n为偶数.
实际上,不管方差是多少,只要数学期望为0,都有这个结论,大家可以自行证明。