调和平均
≤
\le
≤几何平均
≤
\le
≤算术平均
≤
\le
≤平方平均
即
n
∑
i
=
1
n
1
x
i
≤
∏
i
=
1
n
x
i
n
≤
∑
i
=
1
n
x
i
n
≤
∑
i
=
1
n
x
i
2
n
\frac{n}{\sum_{i=1}^{n}\frac{1}{x_i}}\le \sqrt[n]{\prod_{i=1}^{n}x_i}\le \frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n}x_i}{n}\le \sqrt{\frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n}x_i^2}{n}}
∑i=1nxi1n≤n∏i=1nxi≤n∑i=1nxi≤n∑i=1nxi2
其中
x
i
>
0
(
i
=
1
,
2
,
⋯
,
n
)
x_i>0(i=1,2,\cdots,n)
xi>0(i=1,2,⋯,n),当且仅当
x
1
=
x
2
=
⋯
=
x
n
x_1=x_2=\cdots=x_n
x1=x2=⋯=xn时取等
证明:
几何平均
≤
\le
≤算术平均
由Jensen不等式
ln
∑
i
=
1
n
x
i
n
≥
∑
i
=
0
n
ln
x
i
n
≥
ln
∏
i
=
1
n
x
i
n
\ln \frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n}x_i}{n} \ge \frac{\sum_{i=0}^{n}\ln x_i}{n}\ge \ln \sqrt[n]{\prod_{i=1}^{n}x_i}
lnn∑i=1nxi≥n∑i=0nlnxi≥lnn∏i=1nxi
即
∏
i
=
1
n
x
i
n
≤
∑
i
=
1
n
x
i
n
\sqrt[n]{\prod_{i=1}^{n}x_i}\le \frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n}x_i}{n}
n∏i=1nxi≤n∑i=1nxi
调和平均
≤
\le
≤几何平均
n
∑
i
=
1
n
1
x
i
≥
∏
i
=
1
n
1
x
i
n
=
1
∏
i
=
1
n
x
i
n
\frac{n}{\sum_{i=1}^{n}\frac{1}{x_i}} \ge \sqrt[n]{\prod_{i=1}^{n}\frac{1}{x_i}}=\frac{1}{\sqrt[n]{\prod_{i=1}^{n}x_i}}
∑i=1nxi1n≥n∏i=1nxi1=n∏i=1nxi1
即
n
∑
i
=
1
n
1
x
i
≤
∏
i
=
1
n
x
i
n
\frac{n}{\sum_{i=1}^{n}\frac{1}{x_i}}\le \sqrt[n]{\prod_{i=1}^{n}x_i}
∑i=1nxi1n≤n∏i=1nxi
算术平均
≤
\le
≤平方平均
设
A
n
=
∑
i
=
1
n
x
i
n
,
Q
n
=
∑
i
=
1
n
x
i
2
n
A_n=\frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n}x_i}{n},Q_n=\sqrt{\frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n}x_i^2}{n}}
An=n∑i=1nxi,Qn=n∑i=1nxi2
要证明
A
n
≤
Q
n
A_n\le Q_n
An≤Qn
即证明
Q
n
2
−
A
n
2
≥
0
Q_n^2-A_n^2\ge 0
Qn2−An2≥0
Q
n
2
−
A
n
2
=
Q
n
2
−
2
A
n
2
+
A
n
2
=
∑
i
=
1
n
x
i
2
n
−
2
(
∑
i
=
1
n
x
i
)
A
n
n
+
n
A
n
2
n
=
∑
i
=
1
n
(
x
i
−
A
n
)
2
n
≥
0
\begin{aligned} Q_n^2-A_n^2&=Q_n^2-2A_n^2+A_n^2\\ &=\frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n}x_i^2}{n}-\frac{2(\sum_{i=1}^{n} x_i)A_n}{n}+\frac{nA_n^2}{n}\\ &=\sum_{i=1}^{n}\frac{(x_i-A_n)^2}{n}\\ &\ge 0 \end{aligned}
Qn2−An2=Qn2−2An2+An2=n∑i=1nxi2−n2(∑i=1nxi)An+nnAn2=i=1∑nn(xi−An)2≥0
所以
A
n
≤
Q
n
A_n\le Q_n
An≤Qn
02-26
9894
07-15
1万+
02-07
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