定义
设
A
=
<
S
,
∗
1
,
∗
2
,
⋯
,
∗
n
>
A = \left<S, *_1, *_2,\cdots, *_n\right>
A=⟨S,∗1,∗2,⋯,∗n⟩和
A
′
=
<
S
′
,
∗
1
′
,
∗
2
′
,
⋯
,
∗
n
′
>
A^{\prime} = \left<S^{\prime}, *_1^{\prime}, *_2^{\prime},\cdots, *_n^{\prime}\right>
A′=⟨S′,∗1′,∗2′,⋯,∗n′⟩是两个代数系统
若
∀
i
∈
N
(
1
≤
i
≤
N
)
\forall i \in N\left(1\le i \le N\right)
∀i∈N(1≤i≤N),
∗
i
*_i
∗i和
∗
i
′
*_i^{\prime}
∗i′是同阶运算,则称
A
A
A和
A
′
A^{\prime}
A′是同型的
设
∗
*
∗和
∗
′
*^{\prime}
∗′分别是集合
S
S
S,
S
′
S^{\prime}
S′上的
n
n
n元运算,函数
h
:
S
→
S
′
h:S\to S^{\prime}
h:S→S′
若
∀
a
1
,
a
2
,
⋯
,
a
n
∈
S
+
\forall a_1, a_2,\cdots, a_n \in S_+
∀a1,a2,⋯,an∈S+,都有
h
(
∗
(
a
1
,
a
2
,
⋯
,
a
n
)
)
=
∗
′
(
h
(
a
1
)
,
h
(
a
2
)
,
⋯
,
h
(
a
n
)
)
h\left(*\left(a_1,a_2,\cdots, a_n\right)\right) = *^{\prime}\left(h\left(a_1\right), h\left(a_2\right),\cdots, h\left(a_n\right)\right)
h(∗(a1,a2,⋯,an))=∗′(h(a1),h(a2),⋯,h(an))
则称
h
h
h关于
∗
*
∗和
∗
′
*^{\prime}
∗′保持运算
设
A
=
<
S
,
∗
1
,
∗
2
,
⋯
,
∗
n
>
A = \left<S, *_1, *_2,\cdots, *_n\right>
A=⟨S,∗1,∗2,⋯,∗n⟩和
A
′
=
<
S
′
,
∗
1
′
,
∗
2
′
,
⋯
,
∗
n
′
>
A^{\prime} = \left<S^{\prime}, *_1^{\prime}, *_2^{\prime},\cdots, *_n^{\prime}\right>
A′=⟨S′,∗1′,∗2′,⋯,∗n′⟩是两个同型的代数系统,函数
h
:
S
→
S
′
h:S\to S^{\prime}
h:S→S′
若
∀
i
∈
N
(
1
≤
i
≤
N
)
\forall i \in N\left(1\le i \le N\right)
∀i∈N(1≤i≤N),
h
h
h都关于
∗
i
*_i
∗i和
∗
i
′
*_i^{\prime}
∗i′保持运算,则称
h
h
h是
A
A
A到
A
′
A^{\prime}
A′的同态映射,并称
A
A
A和
A
′
A^{\prime}
A′是同态的,特别地
(1)若
h
h
h是单射,则称
h
h
h为单一同态
(2)若
h
h
h是满射,则称
h
h
h为满同态,记为
A
∼
A
′
A\sim A^{\prime}
A∼A′
(3)若
h
h
h是双摄,则称
h
h
h为同构映射,并称
A
A
A和
A
′
A^{\prime}
A′是同构的,记为
A
≅
A
′
A\cong A^{\prime}
A≅A′
(4)若
A
=
A
′
A=A^{\prime}
A=A′,则称
h
h
h为自同态
(5)若
A
=
A
′
A=A^{\prime}
A=A′,且
h
h
h是双射的,则称
h
h
h为自同构
定理1
设
f
f
f是从
A
=
<
S
,
∗
1
,
∗
2
,
⋯
,
∗
n
>
A = \left<S, *_1, *_2,\cdots, *_n\right>
A=⟨S,∗1,∗2,⋯,∗n⟩到
A
′
=
<
S
′
,
∗
1
′
,
∗
2
′
,
⋯
,
∗
n
′
>
A^{\prime} = \left<S^{\prime}, *_1^{\prime}, *_2^{\prime},\cdots, *_n^{\prime}\right>
A′=⟨S′,∗1′,∗2′,⋯,∗n′⟩的同态,
g
g
g是从
A
′
=
<
S
′
,
∗
1
′
,
∗
2
′
,
⋯
,
∗
n
′
>
A^{\prime} = \left<S^{\prime}, *_1^{\prime}, *_2^{\prime},\cdots, *_n^{\prime}\right>
A′=⟨S′,∗1′,∗2′,⋯,∗n′⟩到
A
′
′
=
<
S
′
′
,
∗
1
′
′
,
∗
2
′
′
,
⋯
,
∗
n
′
′
>
A^{\prime\prime} = \left<S^{\prime\prime}, *_1^{\prime\prime}, *_2^{\prime\prime},\cdots, *_n^{\prime\prime}\right>
A′′=⟨S′′,∗1′′,∗2′′,⋯,∗n′′⟩的同态,
则
g
∘
f
g\circ f
g∘f是从
A
A
A到
A
′
′
A^{\prime\prime}
A′′的同态
证明:
∀
i
∈
N
(
1
≤
i
≤
n
i
)
\forall i \in \mathbb{N}\left(1 \le i \le n_i\right)
∀i∈N(1≤i≤ni),
∀
a
1
,
a
2
,
⋯
,
a
n
∈
S
\forall a_1, a_2,\cdots, a_n\in S
∀a1,a2,⋯,an∈S
(其中
n
i
n_i
ni是运算
∗
i
*_i
∗i的阶)
g
∘
f
(
∗
i
(
a
1
,
a
2
,
⋯
,
a
n
i
)
)
=
g
(
f
(
∗
i
(
a
1
,
a
2
,
⋯
,
a
n
i
)
)
)
=
g
(
∗
i
′
(
f
(
a
1
)
,
f
(
a
2
)
,
⋯
,
f
(
a
n
i
)
)
)
=
∗
′
′
(
g
(
f
(
a
1
)
)
,
g
(
f
(
a
2
)
)
,
⋯
,
g
(
f
(
a
n
i
)
)
)
=
∗
′
′
(
g
(
f
(
a
1
)
)
,
g
(
f
(
a
2
)
)
,
⋯
,
g
(
f
(
a
n
i
)
)
)
\begin{aligned} & g\circ f\left(*_i\left(a_1, a_2,\cdots, a_{n_i}\right)\right)\\ =&g\left(f\left(*_i\left(a_1, a_2,\cdots, a_{n_i}\right)\right)\right)\\ =&g\left(*_i^{\prime}\left(f\left(a_1\right), f\left(a_2\right),\cdots, f\left(a_{n_i}\right)\right)\right)\\ =&_*^{\prime\prime}\left(g\left(f\left(a_1\right)\right), g\left(f\left(a_2\right)\right), \cdots, g\left(f\left(a_{n_i}\right)\right)\right)\\ =&_*^{\prime\prime}\left(g\left(f\left(a_1\right)\right), g\left(f\left(a_2\right)\right), \cdots, g\left(f\left(a_{n_i}\right)\right)\right) \end{aligned}
====g∘f(∗i(a1,a2,⋯,ani))g(f(∗i(a1,a2,⋯,ani)))g(∗i′(f(a1),f(a2),⋯,f(ani)))∗′′(g(f(a1)),g(f(a2)),⋯,g(f(ani)))∗′′(g(f(a1)),g(f(a2)),⋯,g(f(ani)))
故
g
∘
f
g\circ f
g∘f是从
A
A
A到
A
′
′
A^{\prime\prime}
A′′的同态
定理2
设 h h h是从 A = < S , ∗ 1 , ∗ 2 , ⋯ , ∗ n > A = \left<S, *_1, *_2,\cdots, *_n\right> A=⟨S,∗1,∗2,⋯,∗n⟩到 A ′ = < S ′ , ∗ 1 ′ , ∗ 2 ′ , ⋯ , ∗ n ′ > A^{\prime} = \left<S^{\prime}, *_1^{\prime}, *_2^{\prime},\cdots, *_n^{\prime}\right> A′=⟨S′,∗1′,∗2′,⋯,∗n′⟩的同构,则 h − 1 h^{-1} h−1是从 A ′ A^{\prime} A′到 A A A的同构
证明:
∀
i
∈
N
(
1
≤
i
≤
n
i
)
\forall i \in \mathbb{N}\left(1 \le i \le n_i\right)
∀i∈N(1≤i≤ni),
∀
a
1
,
a
2
,
⋯
,
a
n
∈
S
\forall a_1, a_2,\cdots, a_n\in S
∀a1,a2,⋯,an∈S
(其中
n
i
n_i
ni是运算
∗
i
*_i
∗i的阶)
设
b
i
=
h
(
a
i
)
∈
S
′
b_i = h\left(a_i\right) \in S^{\prime}
bi=h(ai)∈S′
由
h
h
h双射,
h
−
1
(
b
i
)
=
a
i
h^{-1}\left(b_i\right) = a_i
h−1(bi)=ai
h
(
∗
i
(
a
1
,
a
2
,
⋯
,
a
n
i
)
)
=
∗
i
′
(
h
(
a
1
)
,
h
(
a
2
)
,
⋯
,
h
(
a
n
i
)
)
=
∗
i
′
(
b
1
,
b
2
,
⋯
,
b
3
)
\begin{aligned} h\left(*_i\left(a_1, a_2,\cdots, a_{n_i}\right)\right) &= *_i^{\prime}\left(h\left(a_1\right), h\left(a_2\right), \cdots, h\left(a_{n_i}\right)\right)\\ &= *_i^{\prime}\left(b_1,b_2, \cdots, b_3\right)\\ \end{aligned}
h(∗i(a1,a2,⋯,ani))=∗i′(h(a1),h(a2),⋯,h(ani))=∗i′(b1,b2,⋯,b3)
因此
h
−
1
(
∗
i
′
(
b
1
,
b
2
,
⋯
,
b
3
)
)
=
∗
i
(
a
1
,
a
2
,
⋯
,
a
n
i
)
=
∗
i
(
h
−
1
(
a
1
)
,
h
−
1
(
a
2
)
,
⋯
,
h
−
1
(
a
n
i
)
)
\begin{aligned} h^{-1}\left(*_i^{\prime}\left(b_1,b_2, \cdots, b_3\right)\right) &= *_i\left(a_1, a_2,\cdots, a_{n_i}\right)\\ &=*_i\left(h^{-1}\left(a_1\right), h^{-1}\left(a_2\right), \cdots, h^{-1}\left(a_{n_i}\right)\right) \end{aligned}
h−1(∗i′(b1,b2,⋯,b3))=∗i(a1,a2,⋯,ani)=∗i(h−1(a1),h−1(a2),⋯,h−1(ani))
故 h − 1 h^{-1} h−1是从 A ′ A^{\prime} A′到 A A A的同构
定理3
设 h h h是从 A = < S , ∗ 1 , ∗ 2 , ⋯ , ∗ n > A = \left<S, *_1, *_2,\cdots, *_n\right> A=⟨S,∗1,∗2,⋯,∗n⟩到 A ′ = < S ′ , ∗ 1 ′ , ∗ 2 ′ , ⋯ , ∗ n ′ > A^{\prime} = \left<S^{\prime}, *_1^{\prime}, *_2^{\prime},\cdots, *_n^{\prime}\right> A′=⟨S′,∗1′,∗2′,⋯,∗n′⟩的同态,则 h ( A ) = < h ( S ) , ∗ 1 ′ , ∗ 2 ′ , ⋯ , ∗ n ′ > h\left(A\right)=\left<h\left(S\right), *_1^{\prime}, *_2^{\prime}, \cdots, *_n^{\prime}\right> h(A)=⟨h(S),∗1′,∗2′,⋯,∗n′⟩是 A ′ A^{\prime} A′的子代数,称为 A A A关于 h h h的同态像
证明:
∀
i
∈
N
(
1
≤
i
≤
n
)
\forall i \in \mathbb{N}\left(1\le i \le n\right)
∀i∈N(1≤i≤n),
∀
b
1
,
b
2
,
⋯
,
b
n
i
∈
h
(
S
)
\forall b_1, b_2,\cdots, b_{n_i}\in h\left(S\right)
∀b1,b2,⋯,bni∈h(S),
∃
a
1
,
a
2
,
⋯
,
a
n
i
∈
S
\exists a_1, a_2,\cdots, a_{n_i} \in S
∃a1,a2,⋯,ani∈S,使得
h
(
a
k
)
=
b
k
h\left(a_k\right) = b_k
h(ak)=bk,于是
∗
i
′
(
b
1
,
b
2
,
⋯
,
b
n
i
)
=
∗
i
′
(
h
(
a
1
)
,
h
(
a
2
)
,
⋯
,
h
(
a
n
i
)
)
=
h
(
∗
i
(
a
1
,
a
2
,
⋯
,
a
n
)
)
∈
h
(
S
)
\begin{aligned} *_i^{\prime}\left(b_1, b _2,\cdots, b_{n_i}\right) &= *_i^{\prime}\left(h\left(a_1\right), h\left(a_2\right),\cdots, h\left(a_{n_i}\right)\right) \\ &= h\left(*_i\left(a_1,a_2,\cdots, a_n\right)\right)\in h\left(S\right) \end{aligned}
∗i′(b1,b2,⋯,bni)=∗i′(h(a1),h(a2),⋯,h(ani))=h(∗i(a1,a2,⋯,an))∈h(S)
所以
h
(
S
)
h\left(S\right)
h(S)关于
∗
i
′
*_i^{\prime}
∗i′封闭,故
h
(
A
)
h\left(A\right)
h(A)是
A
′
A^{\prime}
A′的子代数
定理4
设
h
h
h是从
A
=
<
S
,
∗
,
+
>
A=\left<S, *, +\right>
A=⟨S,∗,+⟩到
A
′
=
<
S
′
,
∗
◯
,
+
◯
>
A^{\prime} = \left<S^{\prime},\textcircled{*}, \textcircled{+} \right>
A′=⟨S′,∗◯,+◯⟩的满同态,
∗
*
∗和
+
+
+是
S
S
S上的二元运算,则
(1)若
∗
*
∗是可交换的,则
∗
◯
\textcircled{*}
∗◯也是可交换的
(2)若
∗
*
∗是可结合的,则
∗
◯
\textcircled{*}
∗◯也是可结合的
(3)若
∗
*
∗关于
+
+
+是可分配的,则
∗
◯
\textcircled{*}
∗◯关于
+
◯
\textcircled{+}
+◯也是可分配的
(4)若
e
e
e是关于
∗
*
∗的单位元,则
h
(
e
)
h\left(e\right)
h(e)是关于
∗
◯
\textcircled{*}
∗◯的单位元
(5)若
0
0
0是关于
∗
*
∗的零元,则
h
(
0
)
h\left(0\right)
h(0)是关于
∗
◯
\textcircled{*}
∗◯的零元
(6)若
a
∈
S
a\in S
a∈S关于
∗
*
∗是可逆的 ,则
h
(
a
)
h\left(a\right)
h(a)关于
∗
◯
\textcircled{*}
∗◯是可逆的,且
h
(
a
)
−
1
=
h
(
a
−
1
)
h\left(a\right)^{-1} = h\left(a^{-1}\right)
h(a)−1=h(a−1)
证明:
(1)
∀
x
,
y
∈
S
′
\forall x,y \in S^{\prime}
∀x,y∈S′,因为满射,所以
∃
a
,
b
∈
S
\exists a,b\in S
∃a,b∈S,使得
h
(
a
)
=
x
,
h
(
b
)
=
y
h\left(a\right) = x, h\left(b\right)=y
h(a)=x,h(b)=y
h
(
a
)
∗
◯
h
(
b
)
=
h
(
a
∗
b
)
=
h
(
b
∗
a
)
=
h
(
b
)
∗
◯
h
(
a
)
h\left(a\right)\textcircled{*}h\left(b\right) = h\left(a * b\right) = h\left(b * a\right) = h\left(b\right)\textcircled{*}h\left(a\right)
h(a)∗◯h(b)=h(a∗b)=h(b∗a)=h(b)∗◯h(a)
故
∗
◯
\textcircled{*}
∗◯也是可交换的
(2)
∀
x
,
y
,
z
∈
S
′
\forall x,y, z\in S^{\prime}
∀x,y,z∈S′,因为满射,所以
∃
a
,
b
,
c
∈
S
\exists a,b,c\in S
∃a,b,c∈S,使得
h
(
a
)
=
x
,
h
(
b
)
=
y
,
h
(
c
)
=
z
h\left(a\right) = x, h\left(b\right) = y, h\left(c\right)=z
h(a)=x,h(b)=y,h(c)=z
(
x
∗
◯
y
)
∗
◯
z
=
(
h
(
a
)
∗
◯
h
(
b
)
)
∗
◯
h
(
c
)
=
h
(
a
∗
b
)
∗
◯
h
(
c
)
=
h
(
(
a
∗
b
)
∗
c
)
=
h
(
a
∗
(
b
∗
c
)
)
=
h
(
a
)
∗
◯
h
(
b
∗
c
)
=
h
(
a
)
∗
◯
(
h
(
b
)
∗
◯
h
(
c
)
)
=
x
∗
◯
(
y
∗
◯
z
)
\begin{aligned} &\left(x\textcircled{*}y\right)\textcircled{*}z\\ =&\left(h\left(a\right)\textcircled{*}h\left(b\right)\right)\textcircled{*}h\left(c\right)\\ =& h\left(a * b\right) \textcircled{*}h\left(c\right)\\ =& h\left(\left(a*b\right)*c\right)\\ =& h\left(a*\left(b*c\right)\right)\\ =&h\left(a\right)\textcircled{*}h\left(b*c\right)\\ =&h\left(a\right)\textcircled{*}\left(h\left(b\right)\textcircled{*}h\left(c\right)\right)\\ =&x\textcircled{*}\left(y\textcircled{*}z\right)\\ \end{aligned}
=======(x∗◯y)∗◯z(h(a)∗◯h(b))∗◯h(c)h(a∗b)∗◯h(c)h((a∗b)∗c)h(a∗(b∗c))h(a)∗◯h(b∗c)h(a)∗◯(h(b)∗◯h(c))x∗◯(y∗◯z)
故
∗
◯
\textcircled{*}
∗◯也是可结合的
(3)
∀
x
,
y
,
z
∈
S
′
\forall x,y, z\in S^{\prime}
∀x,y,z∈S′,因为满射,所以
∃
a
,
b
,
c
∈
S
\exists a,b,c\in S
∃a,b,c∈S,使得
h
(
a
)
=
x
,
h
(
b
)
=
y
,
h
(
c
)
=
z
h\left(a\right) = x, h\left(b\right) = y, h\left(c\right)=z
h(a)=x,h(b)=y,h(c)=z
x
∗
◯
(
y
+
◯
z
)
=
h
(
a
)
∗
◯
(
h
(
b
)
+
◯
h
(
c
)
)
=
h
(
a
)
∗
◯
h
(
b
+
c
)
=
h
(
a
∗
(
b
+
c
)
)
=
h
(
(
a
∗
b
)
+
(
a
∗
c
)
)
=
h
(
a
∗
b
)
+
◯
h
(
a
∗
c
)
=
(
h
(
a
)
∗
◯
h
(
b
)
)
+
◯
(
h
(
b
)
∗
◯
h
(
c
)
)
=
(
x
∗
◯
y
)
+
◯
(
x
∗
◯
z
)
\begin{aligned} &x\textcircled{*}\left(y\textcircled{+}z\right)\\ =&h\left(a\right)\textcircled{*}\left(h\left(b\right)\textcircled{+}h\left(c\right)\right)\\ =&h\left(a\right)\textcircled{*}h\left(b +c\right)\\ =&h\left(a *\left(b + c\right)\right)\\ =&h\left(\left(a *b\right) + \left(a * c\right)\right)\\ =&h\left(a * b\right)\textcircled{+}h\left(a * c\right)\\ =&\left(h\left(a\right)\textcircled{*}h\left(b\right)\right)\textcircled{+}\left(h\left(b\right)\textcircled{*}h\left(c\right)\right)\\ =&\left(x\textcircled{*}y\right)\textcircled{+}\left(x\textcircled{*}z\right)\\ \end{aligned}
=======x∗◯(y+◯z)h(a)∗◯(h(b)+◯h(c))h(a)∗◯h(b+c)h(a∗(b+c))h((a∗b)+(a∗c))h(a∗b)+◯h(a∗c)(h(a)∗◯h(b))+◯(h(b)∗◯h(c))(x∗◯y)+◯(x∗◯z)
同理
(
y
+
◯
z
)
∗
◯
x
=
(
y
∗
◯
x
)
+
◯
(
z
∗
◯
x
)
\left(y\textcircled{+}z\right)\textcircled{*}x = \left(y\textcircled{*}x\right)\textcircled{+}\left(z\textcircled{*}x\right)
(y+◯z)∗◯x=(y∗◯x)+◯(z∗◯x)
故
∗
◯
\textcircled{*}
∗◯关于
+
◯
\textcircled{+}
+◯也是可分配的
(4)
∀
x
∈
S
′
\forall x \in S^{\prime}
∀x∈S′,因为
h
h
h满射,所以
∃
a
∈
S
\exists a \in S
∃a∈S,使得
h
(
a
)
=
x
h\left(a\right) = x
h(a)=x,于是
h
(
e
)
∗
◯
x
=
h
(
e
)
∗
◯
(
a
)
=
h
(
e
∗
a
)
=
h
(
a
)
=
x
h\left(e\right)\textcircled{*} x = h\left(e\right) \textcircled{*}\left(a\right) = h\left(e * a\right) = h\left(a\right) = x
h(e)∗◯x=h(e)∗◯(a)=h(e∗a)=h(a)=x
同理
x
∗
◯
h
(
e
)
=
x
x\textcircled{*} h\left(e\right) = x
x∗◯h(e)=x,故
h
(
e
)
h\left(e\right)
h(e)是关于
∗
◯
\textcircled{*}
∗◯的单位元
(5)
∀
x
∈
S
′
\forall x \in S^{\prime}
∀x∈S′,因为
h
h
h满射,所以
∃
a
∈
S
\exists a \in S
∃a∈S,使得
h
(
a
)
=
x
h\left(a\right) = x
h(a)=x,于是
h
(
0
)
∗
◯
x
=
h
(
0
)
∗
◯
(
a
)
=
h
(
0
∗
a
)
=
h
(
0
)
h\left(0\right)\textcircled{*} x = h\left(0\right) \textcircled{*}\left(a\right) = h\left(0 * a\right) = h\left(0\right)
h(0)∗◯x=h(0)∗◯(a)=h(0∗a)=h(0)
同理
x
∗
◯
h
(
0
)
=
h
(
0
)
x\textcircled{*} h\left(0\right) = h\left(0\right)
x∗◯h(0)=h(0),故
h
(
0
)
h\left(0\right)
h(0)是关于
∗
◯
\textcircled{*}
∗◯的零元
(6)由(4),
h
(
e
)
h\left(e\right)
h(e)是关于
∗
◯
\textcircled{*}
∗◯的单位元
∀
x
,
y
∈
S
′
\forall x,y \in S^{\prime}
∀x,y∈S′,因为满射,所以
∃
a
,
b
∈
S
\exists a,b\in S
∃a,b∈S,使得
h
(
a
)
=
x
,
h
(
b
)
=
y
h\left(a\right) = x, h\left(b\right)=y
h(a)=x,h(b)=y
x
∗
◯
y
=
h
(
a
)
∗
◯
h
(
b
)
=
h
(
a
∗
b
)
x\textcircled{*}y = h\left(a\right)\textcircled{*}h\left(b\right)=h\left(a*b\right)
x∗◯y=h(a)∗◯h(b)=h(a∗b)
令
b
=
a
−
1
b = a^{-1}
b=a−1,
x
∗
◯
y
=
h
(
a
)
∗
◯
h
(
a
−
1
)
=
h
(
a
∗
a
−
1
)
=
h
(
e
)
x\textcircled{*}y =h\left(a\right) \textcircled{*}h\left(a^{-1}\right) = h\left(a * a^{-1}\right) = h\left(e\right)
x∗◯y=h(a)∗◯h(a−1)=h(a∗a−1)=h(e)
同理
h
(
a
−
1
)
∗
◯
h
(
a
)
=
h
(
e
)
h\left(a^{-1}\right)\textcircled{*}h\left(a\right) = h\left(e\right)
h(a−1)∗◯h(a)=h(e),故
h
(
a
)
h\left(a\right)
h(a)关于
∗
◯
\textcircled{*}
∗◯是可逆的
后半段没怎么看懂
课后习题
1.考察代数系统
A
=
<
N
,
⋅
>
A=\left<\mathbb{N},\cdot\right>
A=⟨N,⋅⟩和
B
=
<
{
0
,
1
}
,
⋅
>
B=\left<\left\{0,1\right\},\cdot \right>
B=⟨{0,1},⋅⟩,其中
⋅
\cdot
⋅是普通乘法运算。
函数
f
:
N
→
{
0
,
1
}
f:\mathbb{N}\to \left\{0,1\right\}
f:N→{0,1}定义为
f
(
n
)
=
{
1
,
∃
k
∈
N
,
n
=
2
k
0
,
o
t
h
e
r
w
i
s
e
f\left(n\right)=\begin{cases} 1, &\exists k\in \mathbb{N}, n=2^k\\ 0, &otherwise \end{cases}
f(n)={1,0,∃k∈N,n=2kotherwise
试证明:
f
f
f是从
A
A
A到
B
B
B的同态
证明:
若
a
=
2
k
1
,
b
=
2
k
2
a=2^{k_1}, b = 2^{k_2}
a=2k1,b=2k2
f
(
a
)
=
f
(
b
)
=
f
(
a
⋅
b
)
=
1
f\left(a\right)=f\left(b\right)=f\left(a\cdot b\right)=1
f(a)=f(b)=f(a⋅b)=1
若
a
≠
2
k
a\neq 2^{k}
a=2k
则
f
(
a
)
=
f
(
a
)
∗
f
(
b
)
=
f
(
a
∗
b
)
=
0
f\left(a\right)=f\left(a\right) * f\left(b\right)=f\left(a * b\right)=0
f(a)=f(a)∗f(b)=f(a∗b)=0
4.令 E v \mathbb{E}_v Ev为偶数集。试证明: < I , ⋅ > \left<\mathbb{I},\cdot \right> ⟨I,⋅⟩与 < E v , ⋅ > \left<\mathbb{E}_v,\cdot\right> ⟨Ev,⋅⟩不同构
证明:
假设 ⋅ \cdot ⋅是二元运算
<
I
,
⋅
>
\left<\mathbb{I},\cdot \right>
⟨I,⋅⟩的单位元为
1
1
1
<
E
v
,
⋅
>
\left<\mathbb{E}_v,\cdot\right>
⟨Ev,⋅⟩没有右单位元
如果同构,则
∃
f
:
I
→
E
v
\exists f:\mathbb{I}\to \mathbb{E}_v
∃f:I→Ev
对于
∀
a
∈
I
\forall a \in \mathbb{I}
∀a∈I,有
f
(
a
)
=
f
(
a
⋅
1
)
=
f
(
a
)
⋅
f
(
1
)
f\left(a\right)=f\left(a\cdot 1\right)=f\left(a\right)\cdot f\left(1\right)
f(a)=f(a⋅1)=f(a)⋅f(1)
因此
f
(
1
)
f\left(1\right)
f(1)为
<
E
v
,
⋅
>
\left<\mathbb{E}_v,\cdot\right>
⟨Ev,⋅⟩的右单位元,矛盾
因此不同构
7.设
h
h
h是从代数系统
<
S
1
,
∗
>
\left<S_1,*\right>
⟨S1,∗⟩到
<
S
2
,
⋅
>
\left<S_2,\cdot \right>
⟨S2,⋅⟩的同态,
<
T
2
,
⋅
>
\left<T_2,\cdot\right>
⟨T2,⋅⟩是
<
S
2
,
⋅
>
\left<S_2,\cdot\right>
⟨S2,⋅⟩的子代数
试证明:
<
h
−
1
(
T
2
)
,
∗
>
\left<h^{-1}\left(T_2\right),*\right>
⟨h−1(T2),∗⟩是
<
S
1
,
∗
>
\left<S_1,*\right>
⟨S1,∗⟩的子代数,其中
h
−
1
(
T
2
)
=
{
x
∈
S
1
∣
h
(
x
)
∈
T
2
}
h^{-1}\left(T_2\right)=\left\{x\in S_1|h\left(x\right)\in T_2\right\}
h−1(T2)={x∈S1∣h(x)∈T2}
证明:设
∗
*
∗的阶是
n
n
n
显然
h
−
1
(
T
2
)
⊆
S
1
h^{-1}\left(T_2\right)\subseteq S_1
h−1(T2)⊆S1
∀
a
1
,
a
2
,
⋯
a
n
∈
h
−
1
(
T
2
)
\forall a_1,a_2,\cdots a_n\in h^{-1}\left(T_2\right)
∀a1,a2,⋯an∈h−1(T2)
∃
b
1
,
b
2
,
⋯
b
n
∈
T
2
\exists b_1,b_2,\cdots b_n \in T_2
∃b1,b2,⋯bn∈T2
使得
f
(
a
i
)
=
b
i
f\left(a_i\right)=b_i
f(ai)=bi
h
(
∗
(
a
1
,
a
2
,
⋯
a
n
)
)
=
⋅
(
h
(
a
1
)
,
h
(
a
2
)
,
⋯
,
h
(
a
n
)
)
=
⋅
(
b
1
,
b
2
,
⋯
,
b
n
)
\begin{aligned} &h\left(*\left(a_1,a_2,\cdots a_n\right)\right)\\ =&\cdot\left(h\left(a_1\right),h\left(a_2\right),\cdots, h\left(a_n\right)\right)\\ =&\cdot\left(b_1,b_2,\cdots,b_n\right) \end{aligned}
==h(∗(a1,a2,⋯an))⋅(h(a1),h(a2),⋯,h(an))⋅(b1,b2,⋯,bn)
因为
∗
(
a
1
,
a
2
,
⋯
a
n
)
∈
S
1
*\left(a_1,a_2,\cdots a_n\right)\in S_1
∗(a1,a2,⋯an)∈S1
⋅
(
b
1
,
b
2
,
⋯
,
b
n
)
∈
T
2
\cdot\left(b_1,b_2,\cdots,b_n\right)\in T_2
⋅(b1,b2,⋯,bn)∈T2
因此
∗
(
a
1
,
a
2
,
⋯
a
n
)
∈
h
−
1
(
T
2
)
*\left(a_1,a_2,\cdots a_n\right)\in h^{-1}\left(T_2\right)
∗(a1,a2,⋯an)∈h−1(T2)
即封闭
因此 < h − 1 ( T 2 ) , ∗ > \left<h^{-1}\left(T_2\right),*\right> ⟨h−1(T2),∗⟩是 < S 1 , ∗ > \left<S_1,*\right> ⟨S1,∗⟩的子代数
8.设
h
1
h_1
h1和
h
2
h_2
h2都是从代数系统
<
S
,
∗
>
\left<S,*\right>
⟨S,∗⟩到
<
S
′
,
⋅
>
\left<S^{\prime},\cdot\right>
⟨S′,⋅⟩的同态
∗
*
∗和
⋅
\cdot
⋅都是二元运算,且
⋅
\cdot
⋅是可交换的和可结合的。作
h
:
S
→
S
′
,
x
↦
h
1
(
x
)
⋅
h
2
(
x
)
h:S\to S^{\prime},x\mapsto h_1\left(x\right)\cdot h_2\left(x\right)
h:S→S′,x↦h1(x)⋅h2(x)
试证明:
h
h
h也是从
<
S
,
∗
>
\left<S,*\right>
⟨S,∗⟩到
<
S
′
,
⋅
>
\left<S^{\prime},\cdot\right>
⟨S′,⋅⟩的同态
证明:
∀
a
,
b
∈
S
\forall a,b\in S
∀a,b∈S
h
(
a
∗
b
)
=
h
1
(
a
∗
b
)
⋅
h
2
(
a
∗
b
)
=
(
h
1
(
a
)
⋅
h
1
(
b
)
)
⋅
(
h
2
(
a
)
⋅
h
2
(
b
)
)
=
(
h
1
(
a
)
⋅
h
2
(
a
)
)
⋅
(
h
1
(
b
)
⋅
h
2
(
b
)
)
=
h
(
a
)
⋅
h
(
b
)
\begin{aligned} &h\left(a * b\right)\\ =&h_1\left(a * b\right)\cdot h_2\left(a*b\right)\\ =&\left(h_1\left(a\right)\cdot h_1\left(b\right)\right)\cdot \left(h_2\left(a\right)\cdot h_2\left(b\right)\right)\\ =&\left(h_1\left(a\right)\cdot h_2\left(a\right)\right)\cdot \left(h_1\left(b\right)\cdot h_2\left(b\right)\right)\\ =&h\left(a\right)\cdot h\left(b\right) \end{aligned}
====h(a∗b)h1(a∗b)⋅h2(a∗b)(h1(a)⋅h1(b))⋅(h2(a)⋅h2(b))(h1(a)⋅h2(a))⋅(h1(b)⋅h2(b))h(a)⋅h(b)
因此 h h h也是从 < S , ∗ > \left<S,*\right> ⟨S,∗⟩到 < S ′ , ⋅ > \left<S^{\prime},\cdot\right> ⟨S′,⋅⟩的同态
参考:
离散数学(刘玉珍)