CUDA编程主要包括以下内容:
1. CUDA架构和编程模型:了解CUDA的基本架构和编程模型,包括线程、块、网格、共享内存等概念。
2. CUDA C语言编程:学习CUDA C语言的语法和特性,包括内存管理、线程同步、数据传输等。
3. CUDA并行算法和数据结构:了解如何使用CUDA实现并行算法和数据结构,包括排序、搜索、图形处理等。
4. CUDA性能优化:学习如何优化CUDA程序的性能,包括减少内存访问、使用共享内存、减少线程同步等。
5. CUDA应用开发:了解如何使用CUDA开发各种应用,包括科学计算、机器学习、图形处理等。
6. CUDA工具和调试:学习如何使用CUDA工具和调试器,包括nvcc编译器、nvprof性能分析器、cuda-gdb调试器等。
- CUDA架构和编程模型
CUDA架构是一种基于SIMD(单指令多数据流)的并行计算架构,它将大量的计算任务分配给多个线程执行,从而提高计算效率。CUDA编程模型包括线程、块、网格、共享内存等概念。
- CUDA C语言编程
CUDA C语言是一种扩展了C语言的并行编程语言,它支持在GPU上执行并行计算任务。下面是一个简单的CUDA C语言程序示例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <cuda_runtime.h>
__global__ void add(int *a, int *b, int *c)
{
int i = threadIdx.x;
c[i] = a[i] + b[i];
}
int main()
{
int a[5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
int b[5] = {5, 4, 3, 2, 1};
int c[5] = {0};
int *dev_a, *dev_b, *dev_c;
cudaMalloc((void**)&dev_a, 5 * sizeof(int));
cudaMalloc((void**)&dev_b, 5 * sizeof(int));
cudaMalloc((void**)&dev_c, 5 * sizeof(int));
cudaMemcpy(dev_a, a, 5 * sizeof(int), cudaMemcpyHostToDevice);
cudaMemcpy(dev_b, b, 5 * sizeof(int), cudaMemcpyHostToDevice);
add<<<1, 5>>>(dev_a, dev_b, dev_c);
cudaMemcpy(c, dev_c, 5 * sizeof(int), cudaMemcpyDeviceToHost);
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
printf("%d ", c[i]);
}
printf("\n");
cudaFree(dev_a);
cudaFree(dev_b);
cudaFree(dev_c);
return 0;
}
- CUDA并行算法和数据结构
CUDA可以用于实现各种并行算法和数据结构,例如排序、搜索、图形处理等。下面是一个简单的并行排序算法示例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <cuda_runtime.h>
__global__ void bitonic_sort_step(int *dev_values, int j, int k)
{
int i = threadIdx.x;
int ixj = i^j;
if ((ixj)>i) {
if ((i&k)==0) {
if (dev_values[i]>dev_values[ixj]) {
int temp = dev_values[i];
dev_values[i] = dev_values[ixj];
dev_values[ixj] = temp;
}
}
if ((i&k)!=0) {
if (dev_values[i]<dev_values[ixj]) {
int temp = dev_values[i];
dev_values[i] = dev_values[ixj];
dev_values[ixj] = temp;
}
}
}
}
void bitonic_sort(int *values, int size)
{
int *dev_values;
cudaMalloc((void**)&dev_values, size * sizeof(int));
cudaMemcpy(dev_values, values, size * sizeof(int), cudaMemcpyHostToDevice);
for (int k = 2; k <= size; k <<= 1) {
for (int j = k >> 1; j > 0; j = j >> 1) {
bitonic_sort_step<<<1, size>>>(dev_values, j, k);
}
}
cudaMemcpy(values, dev_values, size * sizeof(int), cudaMemcpyDeviceToHost);
cudaFree(dev_values);
}
int main()
{
int values[8] = {3, 7, 1, 4, 2, 8, 5, 6};
bitonic_sort(values, 8);
for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
printf("%d ", values[i]);
}
printf("\n");
return 0;
}
- CUDA性能优化
CUDA程序的性能优化可以通过减少内存访问、使用共享内存、减少线程同步等方式实现。下面是一个简单的CUDA程序性能优化示例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <cuda_runtime.h>
__global__ void sum(int *dev_values, int *dev_result)
{
__shared__ int shared_values[256];
int tid = threadIdx.x;
int i = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
shared_values[tid] = dev_values[i];
__syncthreads();
for (int s = 1; s < blockDim.x; s *= 2) {
if (tid % (2 * s) == 0) {
shared_values[tid] += shared_values[tid + s];
}
__syncthreads();
}
if (tid == 0) {
dev_result[blockIdx.x] = shared_values[0];
}
}
int main()
{
int values[1024];
for (int i = 0; i < 1024; i++) {
values[i] = i;
}
int *dev_values, *dev_result;
cudaMalloc((void**)&dev_values, 1024 * sizeof(int));
cudaMalloc((void**)&dev_result, 256 * sizeof(int));
cudaMemcpy(dev_values, values, 1024 * sizeof(int), cudaMemcpyHostToDevice);
sum<<<256, 256>>>(dev_values, dev_result);
int result[256];
cudaMemcpy(result, dev_result, 256 * sizeof(int), cudaMemcpyDeviceToHost);
int final_result = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
final_result += result[i];
}
printf("Final result: %d\n", final_result);
cudaFree(dev_values);
cudaFree(dev_result);
return 0;
}
- CUDA应用开发
CUDA可以用于开发各种应用,例如科学计算、机器学习、图形处理等。下面是一个简单的CUDA机器学习应用示例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <cuda_runtime.h>
__global__ void logistic_regression(float *dev_x, float *dev_y, float *dev_theta, float *dev_gradient, int m, int n)
{
int i = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
if (i < m) {
float h = 0.0;
for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
h += dev_x[i * n + j] * dev_theta[j];
}
h = 1.0 / (1.0 + exp(-h));
for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
dev_gradient[j] += (h - dev_y[i]) * dev_x[i * n + j];
}
}
}
void gradient_descent(float *x, float *y, float *theta, int m, int n, int iterations, float alpha)
{
float *dev_x, *dev_y, *dev_theta, *dev_gradient;
cudaMalloc((void**)&dev_x, m * n * sizeof(float));
cudaMalloc((void**)&dev_y, m * sizeof(float));
cudaMalloc((void**)&dev_theta, n * sizeof(float));
cudaMalloc((void**)&dev_gradient, n * sizeof(float));
cudaMemcpy(dev_x, x, m * n * sizeof(float), cudaMemcpyHostToDevice);
cudaMemcpy(dev_y, y, m * sizeof(float), cudaMemcpyHostToDevice);
cudaMemcpy(dev_theta, theta, n * sizeof(float), cudaMemcpyHostToDevice);
for (int i = 0; i < iterations; i++) {
cudaMemset(dev_gradient, 0, n * sizeof(float));
logistic_regression<<<(m + 255) / 256, 256>>>(dev_x, dev_y, dev_theta, dev_gradient, m, n);
for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
theta[j] -= alpha * dev_gradient[j] / m;
}
}
cudaMemcpy(theta, dev_theta, n * sizeof(float), cudaMemcpyDeviceToHost);
cudaFree(dev_x);
cudaFree(dev_y);
cudaFree(dev_theta);
cudaFree(dev_gradient);
}
int main()
{
float x[4][3] = {{1.0, 2.0, 3.0}, {4.0, 5.0, 6.0}, {7.0, 8.0, 9.0}, {10.0, 11.0, 12.0}};
float y[4] = {0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0};
float theta[3] = {0.0, 0.0, 0.0};
gradient_descent((float*)x, y, theta, 4, 3, 1000, 0.01);
printf("Theta: %f %f %f\n", theta[0], theta[1], theta[2]);
return 0;
}
- CUDA工具和调试
CUDA工具和调试器可以帮助开发者调试CUDA程序,例如nvcc编译器、nvprof性能分析器、cuda-gdb调试器等。下面是一个简单的CUDA程序调试示例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <cuda_runtime.h>
__global__ void add(int *a, int *b, int *c)
{
int i = threadIdx.x;
c[i] = a[i] + b[i];
}
int main()
{
int a[5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
int b[5] = {5, 4, 3, 2, 1};
int c[5] = {0};
int *dev_a, *dev_b, *dev_c;
cudaMalloc((void**)&dev_a, 5 * sizeof(int));
cudaMalloc((void**)&dev_b, 5 * sizeof(int));
cudaMalloc((void**)&dev_c, 5 * sizeof(int));
cudaMemcpy(dev_a, a, 5 * sizeof(int), cudaMemcpyHostToDevice);
cudaMemcpy(dev_b, b, 5 * sizeof(int), cudaMemcpyHostToDevice);
add<<<1, 5>>>(dev_a, dev_b, dev_c);
cudaMemcpy(c, dev_c, 5 * sizeof(int), cudaMemcpyDeviceToHost);
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
printf("%d ", c[i]);
}
printf("\n");
cudaFree(dev_a);
cudaFree(dev_b);
cudaFree(dev_c);
return 0;
}
可以使用nvcc编译器将程序编译为可执行文件:
nvcc -o add add.cu
可以使用nvprof性能分析器分析程序的性能:
nvprof ./add
可以使用cuda-gdb调试器调试程序:
cuda-gdb ./add