着色器是使用一种叫GLSL的类C语言写成的,它是为图形计算量身定制的,包含一些针对向量和矩阵操作的有用特性。
和其他编程语言一样,GLSL有数据类型可以来指定变量的种类。GLSL中包含C等其它语言大部分的默认基础数据类型:int、float、double、uint和bool。
输入与输出
虽然着色器是各自独立的小程序,但是它们都是一个整体的一部分,出于这样的原因,我们希望每个着色器都有输入和输出,这样才能进行数据交流和传递。GLSL定义了in和out关键字专门来实现这个目的。
顶点着色器应该接收的是一种特殊形式的输入,否则就会效率低下。顶点着色器的输入特殊在,它从顶点数据中直接接收输入。顶点着色器需要为它的输入提供一个额外的layout标识,这样我们才能把它链接到顶点数据。
另一个例外是片段着色器,它需要一个vec4颜色输出变量,因为片段着色器需要生成一个最终输出的颜色。
所以,如果我们打算从一个着色器向另一个着色器发送数据,我们必须在发送方着色器中声明一个输出,在接收方着色器中声明一个类似的输入。当类型和名字都一样的时候,OpenGL就会把两个变量链接到一起,它们之间就能发送数据了(这是在链接程序对象时完成的)。
下面的例子通过in和out让顶点着色器为片段着色器决定颜色
顶点着色器
#version 330 core
layout (location = 0) in vec3 aPos; // 位置变量的属性位置值为0
out vec4 vertexColor; // 为片段着色器指定一个颜色输出
void main()
{
gl_Position = vec4(aPos, 1.0); // 注意我们如何把一个vec3作为vec4的构造器的参数
vertexColor = vec4(0.5, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0); // 把输出变量设置为暗红色
}
片段着色器
#version 330 core
out vec4 FragColor;
in vec4 vertexColor; // 从顶点着色器传来的输入变量(名称相同、类型相同)
void main()
{
FragColor = vertexColor;
}
我们在顶点着色器中将颜色设置为深红色,最终的片段也是深红色的。下面的图片展示了输出结果:
Uniform
Uniform是一种从CPU中的应用向GPU中的着色器发送数据的方式,但uniform和顶点属性有些不同。首先,uniform是全局的(Global)。全局意味着uniform变量必须在每个着色器程序对象中都是独一无二的,而且它可以被着色器程序的任意着色器在任意阶段访问。第二,无论你把uniform值设置成什么,uniform会一直保存它们的数据,直到它们被重置或更新。
为了给uniform添加数据,我们首先需要找到着色器中uniform属性的索引/位置值。当我们得到uniform的索引/位置值后,我们就可以更新它的值了。
这次我们不去给像素传递单独一个颜色,而是让它随着时间改变颜色:
float timeValue = glfwGetTime();
float greenValue = (sin(timeValue) / 2.0f) + 0.5f;
int vertexColorLocation = glGetUniformLocation(shaderProgram, "ourColor");
glUseProgram(shaderProgram);
glUniform4f(vertexColorLocation, 0.0f, greenValue, 0.0f, 1.0f);
我们用glGetUniformLocation查询uniform ourColor的位置值。最后,我们可以通过glUniform4f函数设置uniform值。注意,查询uniform地址不要求你之前使用过着色器程序,但是更新一个uniform之前你必须先使用程序(调用glUseProgram),因为它是在当前激活的着色器程序中设置uniform的。
如果我们打算让颜色慢慢变化,我们就要在游戏循环的每一次迭代中(所以他会逐帧改变)更新这个uniform,否则三角形就不会改变颜色。下面我们就计算greenValue然后每个渲染迭代都更新这个uniform:
while(!glfwWindowShouldClose(window))
{
// 输入
processInput(window);
// 渲染
// 清除颜色缓冲
glClearColor(0.2f, 0.3f, 0.3f, 1.0f);
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
// 记得激活着色器
glUseProgram(shaderProgram);
// 更新uniform颜色
float timeValue = glfwGetTime();
float greenValue = sin(timeValue) / 2.0f + 0.5f;
int vertexColorLocation = glGetUniformLocation(shaderProgram, "ourColor");
glUniform4f(vertexColorLocation, 0.0f, greenValue, 0.0f, 1.0f);
// 绘制三角形
glBindVertexArray(VAO);
glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 3);
// 交换缓冲并查询IO事件
glfwSwapBuffers(window);
glfwPollEvents();
}
完成后得到一个逐渐由绿变黑再变回绿色的三角形:
完整代码
#include <glad/glad.h>
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>
#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>
void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height);
void processInput(GLFWwindow *window);
// settings
const unsigned int SCR_WIDTH = 800;
const unsigned int SCR_HEIGHT = 600;
const char *vertexShaderSource = "#version 330 core\n"
"layout (location = 0) in vec3 aPos;\n"
"void main()\n"
"{\n"
" gl_Position = vec4(aPos, 1.0);\n"
"}\0";
const char *fragmentShaderSource = "#version 330 core\n"
"out vec4 FragColor;\n"
"uniform vec4 ourColor;\n"
"void main()\n"
"{\n"
" FragColor = ourColor;\n"
"}\n\0";
int main()
{
// glfw: initialize and configure
// ------------------------------
glfwInit();
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 3);
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 3);
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_PROFILE, GLFW_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE);
// glfw window creation
// --------------------
GLFWwindow* window = glfwCreateWindow(800, 600, "LearnOpenGL", NULL, NULL);
if (window == NULL)
{
std::cout << "Failed to create GLFW window" << std::endl;
glfwTerminate();
return -1;
}
glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);
glfwSetFramebufferSizeCallback(window, framebuffer_size_callback);
// glad: load all OpenGL function pointers
// ---------------------------------------
if (!gladLoadGLLoader((GLADloadproc)glfwGetProcAddress))
{
std::cout << "Failed to initialize GLAD" << std::endl;
return -1;
}
// build and compile our shader program
// ------------------------------------
// vertex shader
int vertexShader = glCreateShader(GL_VERTEX_SHADER);
glShaderSource(vertexShader, 1, &vertexShaderSource, NULL);
glCompileShader(vertexShader);
// check for shader compile errors
int success;
char infoLog[512];
glGetShaderiv(vertexShader, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &success);
if (!success)
{
glGetShaderInfoLog(vertexShader, 512, NULL, infoLog);
std::cout << "ERROR::SHADER::VERTEX::COMPILATION_FAILED\n" << infoLog << std::endl;
}
// fragment shader
int fragmentShader = glCreateShader(GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER);
glShaderSource(fragmentShader, 1, &fragmentShaderSource, NULL);
glCompileShader(fragmentShader);
// check for shader compile errors
glGetShaderiv(fragmentShader, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &success);
if (!success)
{
glGetShaderInfoLog(fragmentShader, 512, NULL, infoLog);
std::cout << "ERROR::SHADER::FRAGMENT::COMPILATION_FAILED\n" << infoLog << std::endl;
}
// link shaders
int shaderProgram = glCreateProgram();
glAttachShader(shaderProgram, vertexShader);
glAttachShader(shaderProgram, fragmentShader);
glLinkProgram(shaderProgram);
// check for linking errors
glGetProgramiv(shaderProgram, GL_LINK_STATUS, &success);
if (!success) {
glGetProgramInfoLog(shaderProgram, 512, NULL, infoLog);
std::cout << "ERROR::SHADER::PROGRAM::LINKING_FAILED\n" << infoLog << std::endl;
}
glDeleteShader(vertexShader);
glDeleteShader(fragmentShader);
// set up vertex data (and buffer(s)) and configure vertex attributes
// ------------------------------------------------------------------
float vertices[] = {
0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, // bottom right
-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, // bottom left
0.0f, 0.5f, 0.0f // top
};
unsigned int VBO, VAO;
glGenVertexArrays(1, &VAO);
glGenBuffers(1, &VBO);
// bind the Vertex Array Object first, then bind and set vertex buffer(s), and then configure vertex attributes(s).
glBindVertexArray(VAO);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO);
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(vertices), vertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 3 * sizeof(float), (void*)0);
glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
// You can unbind the VAO afterwards so other VAO calls won't accidentally modify this VAO, but this rarely happens. Modifying other
// VAOs requires a call to glBindVertexArray anyways so we generally don't unbind VAOs (nor VBOs) when it's not directly necessary.
// glBindVertexArray(0);
// bind the VAO (it was already bound, but just to demonstrate): seeing as we only have a single VAO we can
// just bind it beforehand before rendering the respective triangle; this is another approach.
//glBindVertexArray(VAO);
// render loop
// -----------
while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window))
{
// input
// -----
processInput(window);
// render
// ------
glClearColor(0.2f, 0.3f, 0.3f, 1.0f);
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
// be sure to activate the shader before any calls to glUniform
glUseProgram(shaderProgram);
// update shader uniform
float timeValue = glfwGetTime();
float greenValue = sin(timeValue) / 2.0f + 0.5f;
//glGetUniformLocation查询uniform ourcolor的位置值
int vertexColorLocation = glGetUniformLocation(shaderProgram, "ourColor");
//更新uniform的值,更新一个uniform之前必须先使用程序(调用glUseProgram)
glUniform4f(vertexColorLocation, 0.0f, greenValue, 0.0f, 1.0f);
//glBindVertexArray(VAO);
// render the triangle
glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 3);
// glfw: swap buffers and poll IO events (keys pressed/released, mouse moved etc.)
// -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
glfwSwapBuffers(window);
glfwPollEvents();
}
// optional: de-allocate all resources once they've outlived their purpose:
// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &VAO);
glDeleteBuffers(1, &VBO);
// glfw: terminate, clearing all previously allocated GLFW resources.
// ------------------------------------------------------------------
glfwTerminate();
return 0;
}
// process all input: query GLFW whether relevant keys are pressed/released this frame and react accordingly
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void processInput(GLFWwindow *window)
{
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_ESCAPE) == GLFW_PRESS)
glfwSetWindowShouldClose(window, true);
}
// glfw: whenever the window size changed (by OS or user resize) this callback function executes
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height)
{
// make sure the viewport matches the new window dimensions; note that width and
// height will be significantly larger than specified on retina displays.
glViewport(0, 0, width, height);
}
参考链接
https://learnopengl-cn.github.io/01%20Getting%20started/05%20Shaders/