高等数学公式及其结论（上）

高等数学公式及其结论by戏言3.0

0.高等数学基础篇

0.1三角函数

1.三倍角公式

$$\begin{gathered} \sin 3\alpha =3\sin \alpha -4{\sin }^3\alpha \\ \cos 3\alpha =4{\cos }^3\alpha -3\cos \alpha \end{gathered}$$

2.积化和差公式

$$\begin{gathered} \sin \alpha \cos \beta =\frac{1}{2}\left[\sin \left(\alpha +\beta \right)+\sin \left(\alpha -\beta \right)\right] \\ \cos \alpha \sin \beta =\frac{1}{2}\left[\sin \left(\alpha +\beta \right)-\sin \left(\alpha -\beta \right)\right] \\ \cos \alpha \cos \beta =\frac{1}{2}\left[\cos \left(\alpha +\beta \right)+\cos \left(\alpha -\beta \right)\right] \\ \sin \alpha \sin \beta =-\frac{1}{2}\left[\cos \left(\alpha +\beta \right)-\cos \left(\alpha -\beta \right)\right] \end{gathered}$$

3.积化和差公式

$$\begin{gathered} \sin \alpha +sin\beta =2sin\frac{\alpha +\beta }{2}\cos \frac{\alpha -\beta }{2} \\ \sin \alpha -sin\beta =2cos\frac{\alpha +\beta }{2}\sin \frac{\alpha -\beta }{2} \\ \cos \alpha +cos\beta =2cos\frac{\alpha +\beta }{2}\cos \frac{\alpha -\beta }{2} \\ \cos \alpha -cos\beta =-2sin\frac{\alpha +\beta }{2}\sin \frac{\alpha -\beta }{2} \end{gathered}$$

4.万能公式

$$\begin{gathered} \sin \alpha =\frac{2\tan \frac{\alpha }{2}}{1+{\tan }^2\frac{\alpha }{2}} \\ \cos \alpha =\frac{1-{\tan }^2\frac{\alpha }{2}}{1+{\tan }^2\frac{\alpha }{2}} \\ \tan \alpha =\frac{2\tan \frac{\alpha }{2}}{1-{\tan }^2\frac{\alpha }{2}} \end{gathered}$$

记忆方法，勾股数 $2t、1-t^2、1+t^2$

0.2等式

1.常用等式

$$\begin{gathered} \arctan e^x+\arctan e^{-x}=\frac{\pi }{2} \\ \arctan x+\arctan \frac{1}{x}=\frac{\pi }{2} \end{gathered}$$

$$\arcsin x+\arccos x=\frac{\pi }{2}$$

$$\arctan x+arccotx=\frac{\pi }{2}$$

$$I={\int }_0^{+\infty }{e}^{-x^2}dx=\frac{\sqrt{\pi }}{2}可以用二重积分方法证明$$

$$\begin{gathered} \sin n\pi =0,\cos n\pi =(-1{)}^n \\ {\int }_0^{+\infty }{e}^{-ax}dx=\frac{1}{a} \\ {\int }_0^{+\infty }\frac{\sin x}{x}dx=\frac{\pi }{2} \\ {\int }_a^b(x-\frac{a+b}{2})dx=0中值定理可能用到 \\ {\int }_0^1{x}^m(1-x{)}^{n}dx={\int }_0^1{x}^n(1-x{)}^{m}dx \end{gathered}$$

$$\begin{gathered} (x^x{)}^{\prime }=x^x(1+\ln x) \\ \sin (\alpha +n\pi )=(-1{)}^n\sin n\alpha \\ \Gamma 函数 \\ \Gamma (\alpha )={\int }_0^{+\infty }{x}^{\alpha -1}{e}^{-x}dx \\ \Gamma (\alpha )=2{\int }_0^{+\infty }{x}^{2\alpha -1}{e}^{-x^2}dx \\ \Gamma (\alpha +1)=\alpha \Gamma (\alpha ) \\ \Gamma (1)=1 \\ \Gamma (\frac{1}{2})=\sqrt{\pi } \\ \Gamma (n+1)=n! \end{gathered}$$

2.重要变换

$$\sqrt{n+1}\pm \sqrt{n}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{n+1}\mp \sqrt{n}}$$

$$\arctan x\pm arctany=\frac{x\pm y}{1\mp xy}$$

$$\left|x_n-A\right|<k^{n-1}\left|x_1\right|\underset{n\to \infty }{\lim }{k}^{n-1}\left|x_1\right|=0\Rightarrow \underset{n\to \infty }{\lim }\left|x_n\right|=0$$

$$x\pm \sqrt{x^2+1}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{x^2+1}\mp x}$$

$$(x\pm \frac{1}{x})\mathrm{d}x=x\mathrm{d}(x\mp \frac{1}{x})$$

有限和与积分和
$$\begin{gathered} \sum _{k=1}^{n}f(a+\frac{b-a}{n}k)\frac{b-a}{n}\stackrel{x_k=a+k\frac{b-a}{n}}{=}\sum _{k=1}^n{\int }_{x_{k-1}}^{x_k}f(x_k)dx \\ 特别的\sum _{k=1}^{n}f(\frac{k}{n})\frac{1}{n}\stackrel{x_k=\frac{k}{n}}{=}\sum _{k=1}^n{\int }_{x_{k-1}}^{x_k}f(x_k)dx \end{gathered}$$
积分与积分和
$${\int }_a^{b}f(x)dx=\sum _{k=1}^n{\int }_{x_{k-1}}^{x_k}f(x)dx$$
级数与积分
$${\int }_a^{b}f(x)dx=\underset{n\to \infty }{\lim }\sum _{k=1}^{n}f(a+\frac{b-a}{n}k)\frac{b-a}{n}=\underset{n\to \infty }{\lim }\sum _{k=0}^{n-1}f(a+\frac{b-a}{n}k)\frac{b-a}{n}$$

0.3不等式

1.绝对值不等式

$$\left|\left|a\right|-\left|b\right|\right|\le \left|a\pm b\right|\le \left|a\right|+\left|b\right|$$

积分形式：
$$\left|{\int }_a^{b}f\left(x\right)dx\right|\le {\int }_a^b\left|f\left(x\right)\right|dx$$

2.柯西不等式

$$\left(a^2+b^2\right)\left(c^2+d^2\right)\ge {\left(ac+bd\right)}^2当且仅当ab=cd$$

一般形式：
$$\sum _{i=1}^n{a}_i^2\sum _{i=1}^n{b}_i^2\ge {\left(\sum _{i=1}^n{a}_i{b}_i\right)}^2$$

积分形式：证明积分题常用看到平方想柯西,当且仅当线性相关时成立

$$({\int }_a^{b}f(x)g(x)dx{)}^2\le {\int }_a^b{f}^2(x)dx{\int }_a^b{g}^2(x)dx$$
判别式：证明柯西的工具
$$\sum _{k=1}^n(\lambda a_k-b_k{)}^2\ge 0$$

3. 均值不等式

常见形式:
$$\frac{2}{\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}}\le \sqrt{ab}\le \frac{a+b}{2}\le \sqrt{\frac{a^2+b^2}{2}}$$

一般形式：
$$\frac{n}{\sum _{i=1}^n\frac{1}{a_i}}\le \sqrt[n]{\prod _{i=1}^n{a}_i}\le \frac{\sum _{i=1}^n{a}_i}{n}\le \sqrt{\frac{\sum _{i=1}^n{a}_i^2}{n}}$$

4.其他不等式

$$\begin{gathered} {\left(\frac{n}{2}\right)}^{\frac{n}{2}}\le n!\le {\left(\frac{n+1}{2}\right)}^n \\ {\left(1+\frac{1}{n}\right)}^n\le e\le {\left(1+\frac{1}{n}\right)}^{n+1} \\ x-1\le \lfloor x\rfloor \le x\le \lceil x\rceil \le x+1 \\ \frac{2}{\pi }x<\sin x<x<\tan x0<x<\frac{\pi }{2} \\ \arctan x\le x\le \arcsin x0\le x\le 1 \\ \frac{1}{1+x}<\ln \left(1+\frac{1}{x}\right)<\frac{1}{x} \\ \frac{x}{1+x}\le \ln \left(1+x\right)\le x \\ {\int }_0^{a}f(x)dx+{\int }_0^b{f}^{-1}(x)dx>=ab,当且仅当b=f(a) \\ ({\int }_0^{a}f(x)g(x)dx{)}^2\le {\int }_0^a{f}^2(x)dx{\int }_0^a{g}^2(x)dx1\le \sqrt[n]{n}\le 1+\frac{x}{\sqrt{n}} \\ \prod _{i=1}^n(1+a_i)\ge 1+\sum _{i=1}^n{a}_i注：a_i>-1且同号放缩常用 \\ (1+h{)}^n\ge 1+nh \\ (1+\frac{1}{n}{)}^n<e \\ 当f(x)单调递增 \\ \sum _{i=0}^{n-1}f(x_i)\frac{1}{n}\le {\int }_0^{1}f(x)dx\le \sum _{i=1}^{n}f(x_i)\frac{1}{n} \end{gathered}$$

泰勒展开丢项放缩

$f(x)=f(a)+f{}^{\prime }(x)(x-a)+\frac{f{}^{\prime }’(\xi )}{2}(x-a{)}^2$

当$f{}^{\prime }’(\xi )>0则f(x)\ge f(a)+f{}^{\prime }(x)(x-a)$

斯特林公式
$$\begin{gathered} n!=\sqrt{2\pi n}{\left(\frac{n}{e}\right)}^n{e}^{\frac{\theta }{12n}},0<\theta <1 \\ n!\approx \sqrt{2\pi n}{\left(\frac{n}{e}\right)}^n,n\text{充}\text{分}\text{大} \\ \sqrt{2\pi n}{\left(\frac{n}{e}\right)}^n<n!<\sqrt{2\pi n}{\left(\frac{n}{e}\right)}^n\left(1+\frac{1}{12n-1}\right) \end{gathered}$$

1.一元微分学

1.重要极限

$\underset{x\to \infty }{\lim }{\left(1+\frac{a}{x}\right)}^x=e^a$
$\underset{x\to 0}{\lim }\frac{\sin ax}{x}=a$
$\underset{x\to +\infty }{\lim }\arctan x=\frac{\pi }{2}$ $\underset{x\to -\infty }{\lim }\arctan x=-\frac{\pi }{2}$
$\forall a>0\underset{x\to +\infty }{\lim }\frac{x^a}{e^x}=\underset{x\to 0^{+}}{\lim }{x}^a\ln x=0$
$\underset{x\to 0^{+}}{\lim }{x}^x=1$
$设a>0\underset{n\to \infty }{\lim }\sqrt[n]{a}=\underset{n\to \infty }{\lim }\sqrt[n]{n}=1$
$$\begin{array}{r}\lim u=1\\ \lim v=\infty \end{array}\}\Rightarrow \lim u^v=e^{lim(u-1)v}$$
$\underset{x\to 0}{\lim }\frac{f(x)}{x}=0$并且连续
$$\underset{x\to 0}{\lim }\frac{f(x)}{x}=0\Vert and\underset{x\to 0}{\lim }f(x)=f(0)\Rightarrow \{\begin{array}{r}f(0)=0\\ f^{{}^{\prime }}(0)=0\end{array}$$

$$欧拉常数\underset{n\to \infty }{\lim }(1+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{3}+\cdots +\frac{1}{n}-\ln n)=r\approx 0.577使用单调有界可以证明$$

2.重要结论

lim ⁡ n → ∞ a n = A ⇒ lim ⁡ n → ∞ ∣ a n ∣ = A lim ⁡ n → ∞ ∣ a n ∣ ⇔ lim ⁡ n → ∞ a n = 0 lim ⁡ n → ∞ a n = a ⇒ lim ⁡ n → ∞ a n = a { a n } 有 界 ∥ a n d lim ⁡ n → ∞ b n = 0 ⇒ lim ⁡ n → ∞ a n b n = 0 { a n } { b n } 其 中 一 个 收 敛 一 个 发 散 ⇒ { a n + b n } 发 散 拉 链 定 理 理 : lim ⁡ n → ∞ a n = A ⇔ lim ⁡ n → ∞ a 2 n = lim ⁡ n → ∞ a 2 n + 1 = A s t o l z 公 式 ∗ ∞ 型 若 { b n } 严 格 单 调 增 ∥ a n d lim ⁡ n → ∞ b n = + ∞ ⇒ lim ⁡ n → ∞ a n b n = A 0 0 型 若 { b n } 严 格 单 调 减 趋 于 0 ∥ a n d lim ⁡ n → ∞ a n = 0 ⇒ lim ⁡ n → ∞ a n b n = A lim ⁡ n → ∞ a n = A ⇒ a 1 + a 2 + a 3 ⋯ a n n = A \begin{array}{ll} \lim\limits_{n\to\infty}{a_n}=A\Rightarrow\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}|a_n|=A\\ \lim\limits_{n\to\infty}|a_n|\Leftrightarrow\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}a_n=0\\ \lim\limits_{n\to\infty}{a_n}=a\Rightarrow\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}\sqrt{a_n}=\sqrt{a}\\ \{a_n\}有界\|and\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}b_n=0\Rightarrow\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}{a_nb_n}=0\\ \{a_n\}\{b_n\}其中一个收敛一个发散\Rightarrow\{a_n+b_n\}发散\\ 拉链定理理:\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}a_n=A\Leftrightarrow\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}a_{2n}=\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}a_{2n+1}=A\\ stolz公式\\ \frac{*}{\infty}型\quad\quad 若\{b_n\}严格单调增\|and\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}b_n=+\infty\Rightarrow\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}\frac{a_n}{b_n}=A\\ \frac{0}{0}型\quad\quad若\{b_n\}严格单调减趋于0\|and\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}a_n=0\Rightarrow\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}\frac{a_n}{b_n}=A\\ \lim\limits_{n\to\infty}a_n=A\Rightarrow\frac{a_1+a_2+a_3\cdots a_n}{n}=A\\ \end{array} n→∞lim​an​=A⇒n→∞lim​∣an​∣=An→∞lim​∣an​∣⇔n→∞lim​an​=0n→∞lim​an​=a⇒n→∞lim​an​ ​=a ​{an​}有界∥andn→∞lim​bn​=0⇒n→∞lim​an​bn​=0{an​}{bn​}其中一个收敛一个发散⇒{an​+bn​}发散拉链定理理:n→∞lim​an​=A⇔n→∞lim​a2n​=n→∞lim​a2n+1​=Astolz公式∞∗​型若{bn​}严格单调增∥andn→∞lim​bn​=+∞⇒n→∞lim​bn​an​​=A00​型若{bn​}严格单调减趋于0∥andn→∞lim​an​=0⇒n→∞lim​bn​an​​=An→∞lim​an​=A⇒na1​+a2​+a3​⋯an​​=A​

3.常用等价无穷小

$\sin x\sim x\sim \tan x\sim \arcsin x\sim \arctan x\sim \ln \left(1+x\right)\sim e^x-1$

$ a^x-1 \sim x \ln a $	$ 1-\cos x \sim \frac{1}{2}x^2 $	$ \left(1+x\right)^a -1\sim ax $
$n!\sim \sqrt{2\pi n}(\frac{n}{e}{)}^n$	$\frac{x}{n}\sim \sqrt[n]{1+x}-1$	$lo{g}_{a}x\sim \frac{x}{\ln a}$
$x-\sin x\sim \frac{1}{6}{x}^3$	$\arcsin x-x\sim \frac{1}{6}{x}^3$	$\ln (x+\sqrt{1+x^2})\sim x$
$x-\arctan x=\frac{x^3}{3}$	$\tan x-x\sim \frac{1}{3}{x}^3$	$x-\ln (1+x)=\frac{x^2}{2}$

4.泰勒公式

$$\begin{gathered} \sin x=x-\frac{x^3}{3!}+o\left(x^3\right)=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\left(-1\right)}^n\frac{x^{2n+1}}{\left(2n+1\right)!} \\ \cos x=1-\frac{x^2}{2!}+\frac{x^4}{4!}+o\left(x^4\right)=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\left(-1\right)}^n\frac{x^{2n}}{\left(2n\right)!} \\ \arcsin x=x+\frac{x^3}{3!}+o\left(x^3\right)=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }\frac{\left(2n\right)!}{4^n{\left(n!\right)}^2\left(2n+1\right)}{x}^{2n+1}\left|x\right|<1 \\ \arccos x=\frac{\pi }{2}-x-\frac{1}{6}{x}^3+o(x^3) \\ \tan x=x+\frac{x^3}{3}+o\left(x^3\right) \\ \arctan x=x-\frac{x^3}{3}+o\left(x^3\right)=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\left(-1\right)}^n\frac{x^{2n+1}}{\left(2n+1\right)}\left|x\right|<1 \\ \ln \left(1+x\right)=x-\frac{x^2}{2}+\frac{x^3}{3}+o\left(x^3\right)=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\left(-1\right)}^{n+1}\frac{x^n}{n},-1<x\le 1 \\ {e}^x=1+x+\frac{x^2}{2!}+\frac{x^3}{3!}+o\left(x^3\right)=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }\frac{x^n}{n!} \\ {\left(1+x\right)}^a=1+ax+\frac{a\left(a-1\right)}{2!}{x}^2+o\left(x^2\right) \\ \frac{1}{1-x}=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{x}^n=1+x+x^2+x^3,-1<x<1 \\ \frac{1}{a{x}^2+bx+c}=\frac{1}{c}-\frac{b}{c^2}x+\frac{b^2-ac}{c^3}{x}^2....=\frac{1}{a(x_2-x_1)}\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }(\frac{x^n}{x_1^{n+1}}-\frac{x^n}{x_2^{n+1}}) \end{gathered}$$

助记图

彼此之间相差$\frac{x^3}{6}$

5.中值定理

5.1辅助函数

常见辅助函数

$y=e^{\lambda x}f(x)y^{{}^{\prime }}=e^{\lambda x}(\lambda f(x)+f^{{}^{\prime }}(x))$

$y=f(x)f^{\prime }(x)y^{{}^{\prime }}=(f^{{}^{\prime }}(x){)}^2+f(x)f^{{}^{\prime \prime }}(x)$

$y=\ln f(x)y^{{}^{\prime }}=\frac{f^{{}^{\prime }}(x)}{f(x)}$

5.2利用微分方程构造辅助函数

$$\begin{gathered} f^{\prime }(\xi )=(1-\frac{1}{\xi }f(\xi ))\Rightarrow y^{{}^{\prime }}=(1-\frac{1}{x})y \\ \Rightarrow y=\frac{c{e}^x}{x})\Rightarrow c(x)=\frac{xf(x)}{e^x} \end{gathered}$$

5.3.拉格朗日中值定理

$$\begin{gathered} f(b)-f(a)=f^{{}^{\prime }}(\xi )(b-a)\xi \in (a,b) \\ f(x+\Delta x)-f(x)=f^{{}^{\prime }}(x+\theta \Delta x)\Delta x0<\theta <1 \end{gathered}$$

6.高阶导数

$$\begin{array}{l}(x^n{)}^{(n)}=n!(a^x{)}^{(n)}=a^x(\ln a{)}^n(\sin (ax+b){)}^{(n)}=a^n\sin (ax+b+\frac{n\pi }{2})\\ (\cos (ax+b){)}^{(n)}=a^n\cos (ax+b+\frac{n\pi }{2})(\frac{1}{a-x}{)}^{(n)}=\frac{n!}{(a-x{)}^{n+1}}\\ (\frac{1}{a+x}{)}^{(n)}=\frac{(-1{)}^{n}n!}{(a+x{)}^{n+1}}\ln (ax+b{)}^{(n)}=\frac{(-1{)}^{n-1}{a}^n(n-1)!}{(ax+b{)}^n}\end{array}$$

2.一元积分学

1.积分表

$$\begin{gathered} {}_{}^{}{\int }_{}^{}k\text{d}x=kx+C \\ {}_{}^{}{\int }_{}^{}{x}^{\mu }\text{d}x=\frac{x^{\mu +1}}{\mu +1}+C,\left(\mu \ne -1\right) \\ {}_{}^{}{\int }_{}^{}\frac{1}{x}\text{d}x=\text{ln}\left|x\right|+C \\ {}_{}^{}{\int }_{}^{}\frac{1}{1+x^2}\text{d}x=\text{arctan}x+C \\ {}_{}^{}{\int }_{}^{}\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}\text{d}x=\text{arcsin}x+C \\ {}_{}^{}{\int }_{}^{}\text{cos}\text{d}x=\text{sin}x+C \\ {}_{}^{}{\int }_{}^{}\text{cos}\text{d}x=\text{sin}x+C \\ {}_{}^{}{\int }_{}^{}\text{sin}x\text{d}x=-\text{cos}x+C \\ {}_{}^{}{\int }_{}^{}\frac{1}{{\cos }^{2}x}\text{d}x={}_{}^{}{\int }_{}^{}{\sec }^{2}x\text{d}x=\text{tan}x+C \\ {}_{}^{}{\int }_{}^{}\frac{1}{{\sin }^{2}x}\text{d}x={}_{}^{}{\int }_{}^{}{\csc }^{2}x\text{d}x=-\text{cot}x+C \\ {}_{}^{}{\int }_{}^{}\text{sec}x\text{tan}x\text{d}x=\text{sec}x+C \\ {}_{}^{}{\int }_{}^{}\text{csc}x\text{cot}x\text{d}x=-\text{csc}x+C \\ \int {\sin }^{2}x=\frac{x}{2}-\frac{\sin 2x}{4}+C \\ \int {\cos }^{2}x=\frac{x}{2}+\frac{\sin 2x}{4}+C \\ {}_{}^{}{\int }_{}^{}{e}^x\text{d}x=e^x+C \\ {}_{}^{}{\int }_{}^{}{a}^x\text{d}x=\frac{a^x}{\text{ln}a}+C \end{gathered}$$

$$\begin{gathered} {}_{}^{}{\int }_{}^{}\text{sh}x\text{d}x=\text{ch}x+C \\ {}_{}^{}{\int }_{}^{}\text{ch}xdx=\text{sh}x+C \\ {}_{}^{}{\int }_{}^{}\text{tan}x\text{d}x=-\text{ln}\left|\text{cos}x\right|+C \\ {}_{}^{}{\int }_{}^{}\text{cot}x\text{d}x=\text{ln}\left|\text{sin}x\right|+C \\ {}_{}^{}{\int }_{}^{}\text{sec}x\text{d}x=\text{ln}\left|\text{sec}x+\text{tan}x\right|+C \\ {}_{}^{}{\int }_{}^{}\text{csc}x\text{d}x=\text{ln}\left|\text{csc}x-\text{cot}x\right|+C \\ \int \tan x=\tan x-x+C \\ \int \cot x=-\cot x-x+C \\ {}_{}^{}{\int }_{}^{}\frac{1}{x^2+a^2}\text{d}x=\frac{1}{a}\text{arctan}\frac{x}{a}+C \\ {}_{}^{}{\int }_{}^{}\frac{1}{x^2-a^2}\text{d}x=\frac{1}{2a}\text{ln}\left|\frac{x-a}{x+a}\right|+C \\ {}_{}^{}{\int }_{}^{}\frac{1}{\sqrt{a^2-x^2}}\text{d}x=\text{arcsin}\frac{x}{a}+C \\ {}_{}^{}{\int }_{}^{}\frac{1}{\sqrt{x^2+a^2}}\text{d}x=\text{ln}\left(x+\sqrt{x^2+a^2}\right)+C \\ {}_{}^{}{\int }_{}^{}\frac{1}{\sqrt{x^2-a^2}}\text{d}x=\text{ln}\left(x+\sqrt{x^2-a^2}\right)+C \\ \int \sqrt{a^2-x^2}dx=\frac{x}{2}\sqrt{a^2-x^2}+\frac{a^2}{2}\arcsin \frac{x}{a}+C \\ \int \sqrt{x^2\pm a^2}dx=\frac{x}{2}\sqrt{x^2\pm a^2}+\frac{a^2}{2}\ln \left|x+\sqrt{x^2\pm a^2}\right|+C \end{gathered}$$

2.常用定理及公式

1.$f(x)$为周期函数

$$\begin{gathered} {\int }_0^{nT}f(x)dx=\frac{n{T}^2}{2}{\int }_0^{T}f(x)dx \\ {\int }_a^{a+T}f(x)dx={\int }_0^{T}f(x)dx \\ {\int }_0^{nT}f(x)dx=n{\int }_0^{T}f(x)dx \\ {\int }_{n\pi }^{(n+1)\pi }|\sin x|dx=(-1{)}^n{\int }_{n\pi }^{(n+1)\pi }\sin xdx \end{gathered}$$

2.积分再现公式

$${\int }_a^{b}f(x)dx={\int }_a^{b}f(a+b-x)dx$$

3.积分中值定理

$$\begin{gathered} \text{若}\text{函}\text{数}\text{在}\text{闭}\text{区}\text{间}\left[a,b\right]\text{上}\text{连}\text{续}\text{,}\text{则} \\ \exists \xi \in \left[a,b\right] \\ {\int }_a^{b}f\left(x\right)\text{d}x=f(\xi )\left(b-a\right) \\ \text{若}f\left(x\right)\text{和}g\left(x\right)\text{在}\text{闭}\text{区}\text{间}\left[a,b\right]\text{上}\text{可}\text{积}\text{,}\text{且}g\left(x\right)\text{在}\text{此}\text{区}\text{间}\text{上}\text{不}\text{变}\text{号}\text{,}\text{则} \\ {\int }_a^{b}f\left(x\right)g\left(x\right)\text{d}x=f\left(\xi \right){\int }_a^{b}g\left(x\right)\text{d}x \end{gathered}$$

3.反常积分敛散性

$${\int }_0^{\frac{\pi }{2}}\frac{1}{{\sin }^{\alpha }x}dx与{\int }_0^{\frac{\pi }{2}}\frac{1}{{\cos }^{\alpha }x}dx与{\int }_0^{\frac{\pi }{2}}\frac{1}{x^{\alpha }}dx同敛散\{\begin{array}{r}0<\alpha <1,收敛\\ \alpha \ge 1,发散\end{array}$$

$${\int }_2^{\infty }\frac{1}{x{\ln }^{p}x}dx\{\begin{array}{r}p\le 1,发散\\ p>1,收敛\end{array}$$

4.积分换元法

无理根式换元法

• $\int R(x,\sqrt[n]{\frac{ax+b}{cx+d}})dx$类型不定积分

令$t=\sqrt[n]{\frac{ax+b}{cx+d}}$

$\int R(x,\sqrt[n]{\frac{ax+b}{cx+d}})dx$

• $\int R(x,\sqrt[n]{a{x}^2+bx+c})dx$类型不定积分(欧拉替换法)

$$\sqrt[n]{a{x}^2+bx+c}=\{\begin{array}{l}t-\sqrt{a}xa>0\\ xt-\sqrt{c}c>0\\ t(x-\lambda )或t(x-\mu )\Delta >0方程有两个根\lambda ,\mu \end{array}$$

3.多元微分学

1.二元拉格朗日中值定理

$$\begin{gathered} f(x_1,y_1)-f(x_2,y_2)=\nabla f(\xi ,\eta )(\Delta x,\Delta y) \\ =f_x^{{}^{\prime }}(\xi ,\eta )(x_1-x_2)+f_y^{{}^{\prime }}(\xi ,\eta )(y_1-y_2)\xi \in (x_1,x_2),\eta \in (y_1,y_2) \\ f(x+\Delta x,y+\Delta y)-f(x,y)=f_x^{{}^{\prime }}(x+\theta \Delta x,y+\theta \Delta y)\Delta x+f_y^{{}^{\prime }}(x+\theta \Delta x,y+\theta \Delta y)\Delta y \\ 0<\theta <1 \end{gathered}$$