MQTT编译出现错误error: invalid conversion from ‘void*’ to ‘char*’ [-fpermissive]

在将MQTT的C源码换成C++源码，编译MQTT文件时也出现编译错误

/home/lyp/zhankun/test/mqtt_test/MQTTClient_subscribe.cpp:46:27: error: invalid conversion from ‘void*’ to ‘char*’ [-fpermissive]
     payloadptr = message->payload;
                  ~~~~~~~~~^~~~~~~
CMakeFiles/MQTTClient_subscribe.dir/build.make:81: recipe for target 'CMakeFiles/MQTTClient_subscribe.dir/MQTTClient_subscribe.o' failed
make[2]: *** [CMakeFiles/MQTTClient_subscribe.dir/MQTTClient_subscribe.o] Error 1
CMakeFiles/Makefile2:123: recipe for target 'CMakeFiles/MQTTClient_subscribe.dir/all' failed
make[1]: *** [CMakeFiles/MQTTClient_subscribe.dir/all] Error 2
Makefile:148: recipe for target 'all' failed
make: *** [all] Error 2

修改后的文件MQTTClient_subscribe.cpp为：

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include "MQTTClient.h"

#define ADDRESS     "tcp://localhost:1883"
#define CLIENTID    "ExampleClientSub"
#define TOPIC       "MQTT Examples"
#define PAYLOAD     "Hello World!"
#define QOS         1
#define TIMEOUT     10000L

volatile MQTTClient_deliveryToken deliveredtoken;

void delivered(void *context, MQTTClient_deliveryToken dt)
{
    printf("Message with token value %d delivery confirmed\n", dt);
    deliveredtoken = dt;
}

int msgarrvd(void *context, char *topicName, int topicLen, MQTTClient_message *message)
{
    int i;
    char* payloadptr;

    printf("Message arrived\n");
    printf("     topic: %s\n", topicName);
    printf("   message: ");
	
	//此处增加（char*）
    payloadptr = (char*)message->payload;
    for(i=0; i<message->payloadlen; i++)
    {
        putchar(*payloadptr++);
    }
    putchar('\n');
    MQTTClient_freeMessage(&message);
    MQTTClient_free(topicName);
    return 1;
}

void connlost(void *context, char *cause)
{
    printf("\nConnection lost\n");
    printf("     cause: %s\n", cause);
}

int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
    MQTTClient client;
    MQTTClient_connectOptions conn_opts = MQTTClient_connectOptions_initializer;
    int rc;
    int ch;

    MQTTClient_create(&client, ADDRESS, CLIENTID,
        MQTTCLIENT_PERSISTENCE_NONE, NULL);
    conn_opts.keepAliveInterval = 20;
    conn_opts.cleansession = 1;

    MQTTClient_setCallbacks(client, NULL, connlost, msgarrvd, delivered);

    if ((rc = MQTTClient_connect(client, &conn_opts)) != MQTTCLIENT_SUCCESS)
    {
        printf("Failed to connect, return code %d\n", rc);
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
    printf("Subscribing to topic %s\nfor client %s using QoS%d\n\n"
           "Press Q<Enter> to quit\n\n", TOPIC, CLIENTID, QOS);
    MQTTClient_subscribe(client, TOPIC, QOS);

    do 
    {
        ch = getchar();
    } while(ch!='Q' && ch != 'q');

    MQTTClient_unsubscribe(client, TOPIC);
    MQTTClient_disconnect(client, 10000);
    MQTTClient_destroy(&client);
    return rc;
}

---

参考链接：https://blog.csdn.net/Demorngel/article/details/74025173

先看下面这个C语言程序，它的作用是使用动态存储分配来创建字符串的副本，如果内存分配失败，duplicate函数就返回空指针。

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>

char* duplicate(const char* s)
{
    char* temp = malloc(strlen(s) + 1);

    if (temp == NULL)
        return NULL;

    strcpy(temp, s);
    return temp;
}

int main(void)
{
    char* str = "testing.";
    char* str2 = duplicate(str);

    printf("Original String: %s\n", str);
    printf("Duplicated String: %s\n", str2);
}

使用gcc编译直接通过并打印出下面的结果

Original String: testing.
Duplicated String: testing.

但当使用g++编译时，会出现一个错误和警告，如下

error: invalid conversion from ‘void*’ to ‘char*’ [-fpermissive]
warning: deprecated conversion from string constant to ‘char*’ [-Wwrite-strings]

出现error的原因是C++设计得比C更加安全，它不能自动地将void *转换为其它指针类型。而出现warning的原因则是程序试图将字符串字面值（在C++中字符串字面值为const char []类型，而在C语言中则为char []类型）转换为char *类型，因此如果想要使用g++成功编译这个程序并得到预期的结果，可以将源程序修改为

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>

char* duplicate(const char* s)
{
	//修改此行，增加了（char*）
    char* temp = (char*) malloc(strlen(s) + 1);

    if (temp == NULL)
        return NULL;

    strcpy(temp, s);
    return temp;
}

int main(void)
{
    char* str = (char*) "testing.";
    char* str2 = duplicate(str);

    printf("Original String: %s\n", str);
    printf("Duplicated String: %s\n", str2);
}