问题 S n = ∑ k = 1 n k k , n ∈ N + ,证: n ≥ 2 时, n n [ 1 + 1 4 ( n − 1 ) ] ≤ S n ≤ n n [ 1 + 2 e ( n − 1 ) ] 成立 S_n=\sum_{k=1}^n{k^k}\text{,}n\in N^+\text{,证:}n\ge 2\text{时,}n^n\left[ 1+\frac{1}{4\left( n-1 \right)} \right] \le S_n\le n^n\left[ 1+\frac{2}{e\left( n-1 \right)} \right] \text{成立} Sn=k=1∑nkk,n∈N+,证:n≥2时,nn[1+4(n−1)1]≤Sn≤nn[1+e(n−1)2]成立
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\frac{1+2^2+...+\left( n-1 \right) ^{n-1}}{n^n}<\frac{\left( n-1 \right) n^{n-1}+\left( n-1 \right) ^{n-1}}{n^n}=\frac{2}{n-1}\left( 1-\frac{1}{n} \right) ^n\le \frac{2}{e\left( n-1 \right)}
nn1+22+...+(n−1)n−1<nn(n−1)nn−1+(n−1)n−1=n−12(1−n1)n≤e(n−1)2
考虑左侧
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f\left( x \right) =x\ln \left( 1-\frac{1}{x} \right)
f(x)=xln(1−x1)
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f'\left( x \right) =\ln \left( 1-\frac{1}{x} \right) +x\left( \frac{1}{x-1}-\frac{1}{x} \right) =\ln \left( 1-\frac{1}{x} \right) -\frac{-\frac{1}{x}}{1-\frac{1}{x}}>0
f′(x)=ln(1−x1)+x(x−11−x1)=ln(1−x1)−1−x1−x1>0
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x\in N^+\Rightarrow f\left( 2 \right) =f\left( x \right) _{\min}
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\frac{1+2^2+...+\left( n-1 \right) ^{n-1}}{n^n}>\frac{\left( n-1 \right) ^{n-1}}{n^n}=\frac{1}{n-1}\left( 1-\frac{1}{n} \right) ^n\ge \frac{1}{4\left( n-1 \right)}
nn1+22+...+(n−1)n−1>nn(n−1)n−1=n−11(1−n1)n≥4(n−1)1
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n^n\left[ 1+\frac{1}{4\left( n-1 \right)} \right] \le S_n\le n^n\left[ 1+\frac{2}{e\left( n-1 \right)} \right]
nn[1+4(n−1)1]≤Sn≤nn[1+e(n−1)2]