AM-GM 即算术平均数和几何平均数不等式
在高中，我们研究了其
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n=2 的情况
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\sqrt {ab} \le \frac {a + b} 2, a, b \ge 0
ab≤2a+b,a,b≥0
完整的不等式表述如下
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(\prod _{i = 1} ^ n a_i) ^ {\frac 1 n} \le \frac {\sum_{i = 1} ^ n a_i} n,a_i\ge0
(i=1∏nai)n1≤n∑i=1nai,ai≥0
其最经典的证明为反向归纳法
Proof . 我们记命题函数 P ( n ) P(n) P(n) ， P ( n ) P(n) P(n) 为真表示 n n n 满足上述不等式，为假表示不满足.
(1) 考虑 P ( n = 2 k ) , k ∈ N P(n= 2 ^ k), k \in \N P(n=2k),k∈N , 我们利用二元情况正向归纳
假设原问题对 n 0 = 2 k 0 , k 0 < k ∈ N n_0 = 2 ^ {k_0}, k_0 < k \in \N n0=2k0,k0<k∈N 成立， 显然 k 0 = 0 , 1 k_0 = 0, 1 k0=0,1 必然成立
对
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n=2 ^{k_0+1}
n=2k0+1，我们有
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(\prod _{i = 1} ^ n a_i) ^ {\frac 1 n} = (a_1 .. a_{\frac n 2})^ \frac 1 n (a_{\frac n 2 + 1} .. a_n)^ \frac 1 n = \sqrt {(a_1 .. a_{\frac n 2})^ \frac 2 n (a_{\frac n 2 + 1} .. a_n)^ \frac 2 n} \\ \le \sqrt{\frac {\sum_{i = 1} ^ {\frac n 2} a_i} {\frac n 2} \frac {\sum_{i = \frac n 2 + 1} ^ n a_i} {\frac n 2}}= \sqrt{\frac 4 {n ^ 2} \textcolor {blue}{(\sum_{i = 1} ^ {\frac n 2 } a_i ) (\sum_{i = \frac n 2 + 1} ^ n a_i)} }\\ \le \frac 2 {n }\textcolor {blue} {\frac {\sum_{i = 1} ^ n a_i} {2}} = \frac {\sum_{i = 1} ^ n a_i} n
(i=1∏nai)n1=(a1..a2n)n1(a2n+1..an)n1=(a1..a2n)n2(a2n+1..an)n2≤2n∑i=12nai2n∑i=2n+1nai=n24(i=1∑2nai)(i=2n+1∑nai)≤n22∑i=1nai=n∑i=1nai
故 (1) 情况成立
(2) 考虑 P ( n = 2 k + r ) , 1 ≤ r < 2 k P(n = 2 ^ k + r), 1\le r < 2 ^ k P(n=2k+r),1≤r<2k，我们考虑 k k k 所对应的 r r r 的取值集合
不妨设 k = k 0 k = k_0 k=k0 时 r ∈ { 1 , 2 , . . , 2 k 0 − 1 } r \in \{1, 2, .. , 2 ^ {k_0} - 1\} r∈{1,2,..,2k0−1}
我们考虑对数列 a 作一个补充 a 1 , a 2 , . . a r → a 1 , a 2 , . . . , a r , α 1 , . . . , α 2 k 0 − r a_1 , a_2, .. a_r \to a_1, a_2, ..., a_r, \alpha_1, ..., \alpha_{2 ^ {k_0} - r} a1,a2,..ar→a1,a2,...,ar,α1,...,α2k0−r 使得新数列满足长度为 2 的幂次
其中
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\alpha_n = \frac {\sum_{i = 1} ^ r a_{i}} r, n \in [1, 2 ^ {k_0} - r]
αn=r∑i=1rai,n∈[1,2k0−r]，则对新数列，我们记
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t = 2 ^ {k_0}
t=2k0 ，有
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\textcolor {blue} {(\prod _{i = 1} ^ t a_i) ^ {\frac 1 t}} = ({a_1a_2 .. a_{r}}) ^ {\frac 1 t} {\alpha ^ {\frac {t-r} t}}\\ \le \textcolor {blue} {\frac 1 t\sum_{i = 1} ^ t a_i} = \frac 1 t (t \alpha) = \alpha
(i=1∏tai)t1=(a1a2..ar)t1αtt−r≤t1i=1∑tai=t1(tα)=α
化简即得
P
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P(r)
P(r) 成立，故 (2) 情况成立，故对任意正整数
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n 均有
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P(n)
P(n) 成立
拓展
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\prod_{i = 1} ^ n a_i^{p_i} \le \sum_{i = 1} ^ n p_i a_i
i=1∏naipi≤i=1∑npiai
其中
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a_i, p_i \ge 0, \sum_{i = 1} ^ np_i = 1
ai,pi≥0,∑i=1npi=1
练习：
(sdu 2023-2024 A) 若
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a, b, c > 0
a,b,c>0 , 试证明下式
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abc^3 \le 27(\frac {a + b + c} 5) ^ 5
abc3≤27(5a+b+c)5
Proof.
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abc^3 = 27\textcolor {blue}{ab (\frac 1 3 c) (\frac 1 3 c) (\frac 1 3 c)} \\ \le 27 (\frac {a + b + \frac 1 3 c + \frac 1 3 c + \frac 1 3 c} 5) ^ 5\\ =27(\frac {a + b + c} 5) ^ 5
abc3=27ab(31c)(31c)(31c)≤27(5a+b+31c+31c+31c)5=27(5a+b+c)5
更一般的 ，对
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x, y, z\in \Z^+
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a^xb^yc^z = x^xy^yz^z (\frac 1 x a)^x(\frac 1 y b) ^ y(\frac 1 z c) ^ z \\ \le x^xy^yz^z(\frac {a + b + c} {x + y + z}) ^ {x + y + z}
axbycz=xxyyzz(x1a)x(y1b)y(z1c)z≤xxyyzz(x+y+za+b+c)x+y+z
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