这是一篇关于积分公式的证明集合，涵盖了含有a²-x² (a>0) 形式和sinx, cosx形式的积分。例如，∫a²-x²/1 dx=arcsin(ax)+C，∫sin(x) dx=-cos(x)+C等。文章通过变量替换和三角恒等式进行详细证明。"
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索引
- 含有 a 2 − x 2 , a > 0 \sqrt[{}]{ { {a}^{2}}-{ {x}^{2}}},\text{ }a>0 a2−x2, a>0的形式
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- 41. ∫ 1 a 2 − x 2 d x = arcsin x a + C \int_{ {}}^{ {}}{\frac{1}{\sqrt[{}]{ { {a}^{2}}-{ {x}^{2}}}}dx}=\arcsin \frac{x}{a}+C ∫a2−x21dx=arcsinax+C
- 42. ∫ 1 x a 2 − x 2 d x = − 1 a ln ∣ a + a 2 − x 2 x ∣ + C \int_{ {}}^{ {}}{\frac{1}{x\sqrt[{}]{ { {a}^{2}}-{ {x}^{2}}}}dx}=\frac{-1}{a}\ln \left| \frac{a+\sqrt[{}]{ { {a}^{2}}-{ {x}^{2}}}}{x} \right|+C ∫xa2−x21dx=a−1ln∣∣∣xa+a2−x2∣∣∣+C
- 43. ∫ 1 x 2 a 2 − x 2 d x = − a 2 − x 2 a 2 x + C \int_{ {}}^{ {}}{\frac{1}{ { {x}^{2}}\sqrt[{}]{ { {a}^{2}}-{ {x}^{2}}}}dx}=\frac{-\sqrt[{}]{ { {a}^{2}}-{ {x}^{2}}}}{ { {a}^{2}}x}+C ∫x2a2−x21dx=a2x−a2−x2+C
- 44. ∫ x 2 a 2 − x 2 d x = 1 2 ( − x a 2 − x 2 + a 2 arcsin x a ) + C \int_{ {}}^{ {}}{\frac{ { {x}^{2}}}{\sqrt[{}]{ { {a}^{2}}-{ {x}^{2}}}}dx}=\frac{1}{2}\left( -x\sqrt[{}]{ { {a}^{2}}-{ {x}^{2}}}+{ {a}^{2}}\arcsin \frac{x}{a} \right)+C ∫a2−x2x2dx=21(−xa2−x2+a2arcsinax)+C
- 45. ∫ 1 ( a 2 − x 2 ) 3 2 d x = x a 2 a 2 − x 2 + C \int_{ {}}^{ {}}{\frac{1}{ { {\left( { {a}^{2}}-{ {x}^{2}} \right)}^{\frac{3}{2}}}}dx}=\frac{x}{ { {a}^{2}}\sqrt[{}]{ { {a}^{2}}-{ {x}^{2}}}}+C ∫(a2−x2)231dx=a2a2−x2x+C
- 含有 sin x \sin x sinx或 cos x \cos x cosx的形式
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- 46. ∫ sin x d x = − cos x + C \int_{ {}}^{ {}}{\sin xdx}=-\cos x+C ∫sinxdx=−cosx+C
- 47. ∫ cos x d x = sin x + C \int_{ {}}^{ {}}{\cos xdx}=\sin x+C ∫cosxdx=sinx+C
- 48. ∫ sin 2 x d x = 1 2 ( x − sin x cos x ) + C \int_{ {}}^{ {}}{ { {\sin }^{2}}xdx}=\frac{1}{2}\left( x-\sin x\cos x \right)+C ∫sin2xdx=21(x−sinxcosx)+C
- 49. ∫ cos 2 x d x = 1 2 ( x + sin x cos x ) + C \int_{ {}}^{ {}}{ { {\cos }^{2}}xdx}=\frac{1}{2}\left( x+\sin x\cos x \right)+C ∫cos2xdx=21(x+sinxcosx)+C
- 50. ∫ sin n x d x = 1 n [ − sin n − 1 x cos x + ( n − 1 ) ∫ sin n − 2 x d x ] \int_{ {}}^{ {}}{ { {\sin }^{n}}xdx}=\frac{1}{n}\left[ -{ {\sin }^{n-1}}x\cos x+\left( n-1 \right)\int_{ {}}^{ {}}{ { {\sin }^{n-2}}xdx} \right] ∫sinnxdx=n1[−sinn−1xcosx+(n−1)∫sinn−2xdx]
含有 a 2 − x 2 , a > 0 \sqrt[{}]{ { {a}^{2}}-{ {x}^{2}}},\text{ }a>0 a2−x2, a>0的形式
41. ∫ 1 a 2 − x 2 d x = arcsin x a + C \int_{ {}}^{ {}}{\frac{1}{\sqrt[{}]{ { {a}^{2}}-{ {x}^{2}}}}dx}=\arcsin \frac{x}{a}+C ∫a2−x21dx=arcsinax+C
证明：
令 x = a sin t x=a\sin t x=asint， t ∈ [ − π 2 , π 2 ] t\in \left[ -\frac{\pi }{2},\frac{\pi }{2} \right] t∈[−2π,2π]，则有
∫ 1 a 2 − x 2 d x = ∫ 1 a 2 cos 2 t d ( a sin t ) = ∫ 1 a cos t ( a cos t ) d t ( a > 0 , cos t ≥ 0 ) = ∫ d t = t + C = arcsin x a + C \begin{aligned} & \int{\frac{1}{\sqrt{
{
{a}^{2}}-{
{x}^{2}}}}dx}=\int{\frac{1}{\sqrt[{}]{
{
{a}^{2}}{
{\cos }^{2}}t}}d\left( a\sin t \right)} \\ & =\int_{
{}}^{
{}}{\frac{1}{a\cos t}\left( a\cos t \right)dt}\text{ }\left( a>0,\text{ }\cos t\ge 0 \right) \\ & =\int_{
{}}^{
{}}{dt} \\ & =t+C=\arcsin \frac{x}{a}+C \\ \end{aligned} ∫a2−x21dx=∫a2cos2t1d(asint)=∫acost1(acost)dt (a>0, cost≥0)=∫dt=t+C=arcsinax+C
42. ∫ 1 x a 2 − x 2 d x = − 1 a ln ∣ a + a 2 − x 2 x ∣ + C \int_{ {}}^{ {}}{\frac{1}{x\sqrt[{}]{ { {a}^{2}}-{ {x}^{2}}}}dx}=\frac{-1}{a}\ln \left| \frac{a+\sqrt[{}]{ { {a}^{2}}-{ {x}^{2}}}}{x} \right|+C ∫xa2−x21dx=a−1ln∣∣∣xa+a2−x2∣∣∣+C
证明：
令 x = a sin t , t ∈ [ − π 2 , π 2 ] x=a\sin t,\text{ }t\in \left[ -\frac{\pi }{2},\frac{\pi }{2} \right] x=asint, t∈[−2π,2π]，则有
∫ 1 x a 2 − x 2 d x = ∫ 1 a sin t a 2 cos 2 t d ( a sin t ) = ∫ 1 a sin t ( a cos t ) ( a cos t ) d t ( a > 0 , cos t ≥ 0 ) = 1 a ∫ csc t d t = 1 a ln ∣ csc t − cot t ∣ + C = 1 a ln ∣ a x − a 2 − x 2 x ∣ + C 1 = − 1 a ln ∣ a + a 2 − x 2 x ∣ + C 2 \begin{aligned} & \int{\frac{1}{x\sqrt{
{
{a}^{2}}-{
{x}^{2}}}}dx}=\int_{
{}}^{
{}}{\frac{1}{a\sin t\sqrt[{}]{
{
{a}^{2}}{
{\cos }^{2}}t}}d\left( a\sin t \right)} \\ & =\int{\frac{1}{a\sin t\left( a\cos t \right)}}\left( a\cos t \right)dt\text{ }\left( a>0,\text{ }\cos t\ge 0 \right) \\ & =\frac{1}{a}\int{\csc t}dt \\ & =\frac{1}{a}\ln |\csc t-\cot t|+C \\ & =\frac{1}{a}\ln |\frac{a}{x}-\frac{\sqrt{
{
{a}^{2}}-{
{x}^{2}}}}{x}|+{
{C}_{1}} \\ & =\frac{-1}{a}\ln |\frac{a+\sqrt{
{
{a}^{2}}-{
{x}^{2}}}}{x}|+{
{C}_{2}} \\ \end{aligned} ∫xa2−x21dx=∫asinta2cos2t1d(asint)=∫asint(acost)1(acost)dt (a>0, cost≥0)=a1∫csctdt=a1ln∣csct−cott∣+C=a1ln∣xa−xa2−x2∣+C1=a−1ln∣xa+a2−x2∣+C2</
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