二重积分求曲面相交形成的立体的体积

二重积分求曲面相交形成的立体的体积

1.求曲面$z^2=\frac{x^2}{4}+\frac{y^2}{9}$和$2z=\frac{x^2}{4}+\frac{y^2}{9}$所围立体的体积.

解：

$4z^2=4\frac{x^2}{4}+\frac{y^2}{9}$

$4z^2=(\frac{x^2}{4}+\frac{y^2}{9}{)}^2$

投影曲线: $\frac{x^2}{4}+\frac{y^2}{9}=4$, D: $\frac{x^2}{4}+\frac{y^2}{9}\le 4$

$V=\underset{D}{\iint }\left[\sqrt{\frac{x^2}{4}+\frac{y^2}{9}}-\frac{1}{2}(\frac{x^2}{4}+\frac{y^2}{9})\right]dA$

$\{\begin{array}{l}x=2r\cos \theta \\ y=3r\sin \theta \end{array}\Rightarrow D^{\prime }:0\le r\le 2,\theta \in [0,2\pi ],J=\left|\begin{array}{cc}2\cos \theta & -2r\sin \theta \\ 3\sin \theta & 3r\cos \theta \end{array}\right|=6r$

$\begin{array}{rl}V& ={\int }_0^{2\pi }d\theta {\int }_0^2(r-\frac{1}{2}{r}^2)\cdot 6rdr\\ & =2\pi {\int }_0^2(6r^2-3r^3)dr\\ & =2\pi {\left[2r^3-\frac{3}{4}{r}^4\right]}_0^2\\ & =2\pi \times 4\\ & =8\pi \end{array}$

2.求椭球面$\frac{x^2}{a^2}+\frac{y^2}{b^2}+\frac{z^2}{c^2}=1$和锥面$\frac{x^2}{a^2}+\frac{y^2}{b^2}=\frac{z^2}{c^2}(z\ge 0)$所围立体的体积.

解：

投影曲线: $\frac{x^2}{a^2}+\frac{y^2}{b^2}=\frac{1}{2}$, D: $\frac{x^2}{a^2}+\frac{y^2}{b^2}\le \frac{1}{2}$

$V=\underset{D}{\iint }\left[\sqrt{c^2(1-\frac{x^2}{a^2}-\frac{y^2}{b^2})}-\sqrt{c^2(\frac{x^2}{a^2}+\frac{y^2}{b^2})}\right]dA$

$\{\begin{array}{l}x=ar\cos \theta \\ y=br\sin \theta \end{array}\Rightarrow D^{\prime }:0\le r\le \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2},\theta \in [0,2\pi ],J=\left|\begin{array}{cc}a\cos \theta & -ar\sin \theta \\ b\sin \theta & br\cos \theta \end{array}\right|=abr$

$\begin{array}{rl}V& ={\int }_0^{2\pi }d\theta {\int }_0^{\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}}(c\sqrt{1-r^2}-cr)\cdot abrdr\\ & =2\pi abc{\int }_0^{\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}}(r\sqrt{1-r^2}-r^2)dr\\ & =2\pi abc{\int }_0^{\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}}(r\sqrt{1-r^2})dr-2\pi abc{\left[\frac{1}{3}{r}^3\right]}_0^{\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}}\\ & =-\pi abc{\left[\frac{2}{3}(1-r^2{)}^{\frac{3}{2}}\right]}_0^{\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}}-\frac{\sqrt{2}\pi abc}{6}\\ & =-\pi abc\left[\frac{\sqrt{2}}{6}-\frac{2}{3}\right]-\frac{\sqrt{2}\pi abc}{6}\\ & =\frac{2-\sqrt{2}}{3}\pi abc\end{array}$

3.求圆柱面$x^2+y^2=a^2$ 与$x^2+z^2=a^2$所围立体的体积.

解：

$D:x^2+y^2\le a^2\Rightarrow -1\le x\le a,-\sqrt{a^2-x^2}\le y\le \sqrt{a^2-x^2}$

$\begin{array}{rl}V& =\underset{D}{\iint }\left[\sqrt{a^2-x^2}-(-\sqrt{a^2-x^2})\right]dA\\ & =2\underset{D}{\iint }\sqrt{a^2-x^2}dA\\ & =2{\int }_{-a}^{a}dx{\int }_{-\sqrt{a^2-x^2}}^{\sqrt{a^2-x^2}}\sqrt{a^2-x^2}dy\\ & =4{\int }_{-a}^a(a^2-x^2)dx\\ & =8{\int }_0^a(a^2-x^2)dx\\ & =8a^3-8{\int }_0^a{x}^{2}dx\\ & =8a^3-\frac{8}{3}{a}^3\\ & =\frac{16}{3}{a}^3\end{array}$