4.7 多态

4.7.1 多态的基本概念

多态是c++面向对象三大特性之一

多态分为两类

  • 静态多态:函数重载 和运算符重载属于静态多态 复用函数名
  • 动态多态:派生类和虚函数实现运行时多态

静态多态和动态多态区别

  • 静态多态的函数地址早绑定-编译阶段确定函数地址
  • 动态多态的函数地址晚绑定-运行阶段确定函数地址
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
//多态的基本概念
class Animal
{
public:
	//虚函数
	virtual void speak()
	{
		cout << "动物在说话" << endl;
	}
};
//猫类
class Cat :public Animal
{
public:
	//重写 函数返回值类型 函数名 参数列表 完全相同
	void speak()
	{
		cout << "猫咪在说话" << endl;
	}
};
class Dog :public Animal
{
public:
	void speak()
	{
		cout << "狗狗在说话" << endl;
	}
	

};
//地址早绑定 在编译阶段确定函数地址
//如果想执行让猫说话  那么这个函数地址就不能提前绑定,需要在函数执行后再绑定

//动态多态满足条件
//1.有继承关系
//2.子类要重写父类中的虚函数

//动态多态的使用
//父类的指针或者引用 指向子类对象

void doSpeak(Animal &animal)//Animal & animal =cat;
{
	animal.speak();
}
void test01()
{
	Cat cat;
	doSpeak(cat);

	Dog dog;
	doSpeak(dog);

}
int main()
{
	test01();
	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

4.7.2 动态的原理刨析

 4.7.3多态案例--计算器类

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
//分别用普通写法和多态技术实现计算器

//普通写法
class Calculate
{
public:
	int GetResult(string oper)
	{
		if (oper == "+")
		{
			return m_Num1 + m_Num2;
		}
		if (oper == "-")
		{
			return m_Num1 - m_Num2;
		}
		if (oper == "*")
		{
			return m_Num1 * m_Num2;
		}
	}
	//如果想要扩展新的功能,需求修改源码
	//在真实的开发中,提倡开闭原则
	//开闭原则:对拓展进行开放 对修改进行关闭

	int m_Num1;
	int m_Num2;
};
void test01()
{
	Calculate c1;
	c1.m_Num1 = 10;
	c1.m_Num2 = 10;
	cout << "m_Num1" << "+" << "m_Num2" << "=" << c1.GetResult("+") << endl;
	cout << "m_Num1" << "-" << "m_Num2" << "=" << c1.GetResult("-") << endl;
	cout << "m_Num1" << "*" << "m_Num2" << "=" << c1.GetResult("*") << endl;
}
//利用多态实现计算器
//多态好处
//1.组织结构非常清晰
//2.可读性强
//3.对于前期和后期拓展维护性高

class BaseCaculate
{
public:
	virtual int GetResult()
	{
		return 0;
	}
	int m_Num1;
	int m_Num2;
};
//加法类
class AddCaculate:public BaseCaculate
{
public:
	int GetResult()
	{
		return m_Num1+m_Num2;
	}
};
//减法类
class SubCaculate :public BaseCaculate
{
public:
	int GetResult()
	{
		return m_Num1 - m_Num2;
	}
};
//乘法类
class MulCaculate :public BaseCaculate
{
public:
	int GetResult()
	{
		return m_Num1 * m_Num2;
	}
};
void test02()
{
	BaseCaculate *cal = new AddCaculate;
	cal->m_Num1 = 100;
	cal->m_Num2 = 100;
	cout << cal->m_Num1 << "+" << cal->m_Num2 << "=" << cal->GetResult() << endl;
	delete cal;
	cal = new SubCaculate;
	cal->m_Num1 = 100;
	cal->m_Num2 = 100;
	cout << cal->m_Num1 << "-" << cal->m_Num2 << "=" << cal->GetResult() << endl;
	delete cal;
	cal = new MulCaculate;
	cal->m_Num1 = 100;
	cal->m_Num2 = 100;
	cout << cal->m_Num1 << "*" << cal->m_Num2 << "=" << cal->GetResult() << endl;
	delete cal;
}
int main()
{

	//test01();
	test02();
	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

4.7.3 纯虚函数和抽象类

在多态中,调用父类中虚函数的实现是毫无意义的,主要都是调用子类重写的内容

因此可以将虚函数改为纯虚函数

纯虚函数语法:virtual 返回值类型 函数名 {参数列表}=0;

当类中有了纯虚函数,这个类也称为抽象类

抽象类特点:

无法实例化对象

子类必须重写抽象类中的纯虚函数,否则也属于抽象类

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
//纯虚函数和抽象类
class Base
{
public:

	//纯虚函数
	//只要有一个纯虚函数,这个类称为抽象类
	//抽象类特点
	//1.无法实例化对象
	//2.抽象类的子类,必须要重写父类中的纯虚函数,否则也为抽象类
	virtual void func() = 0;

};
class Son :public Base
{
public:
	//重写父类虚函数
	void func()
	{
		cout << "func 函数调用" << endl;
	}
};
void test01()
{
	//Base b ;//抽象类无法实例化对象
	//new Base;//抽象类无法实例化对象
	Son s;//子类必须重写父类中的纯虚函数,否则无法实例化对象
	Base *base = new Son;
	base->func();
	delete base;
}
int main()
{
	test01();
	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

4.7.4 制作饮品实例

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
//制作饮料
//创建基函数
class AbstractDrinking
{
public:
	//煮水
	virtual void boil() = 0;

	//冲泡
	virtual void brew() = 0;
	//倒入
	virtual void pullincup() = 0;
	//加东西
	virtual void putsometing() = 0;
	void make()
	{
		boil();
		brew();
		pullincup();
		putsometing();
	}
};
//制作咖啡
class  Coffee :public AbstractDrinking
{
public:
	//煮水
	virtual void boil()
	{
		cout << "煮农夫山泉水" << endl;
	}

	//冲泡
	virtual void brew()
	{
		cout << "冲泡咖啡" << endl;
	}
	//倒入
	virtual void pullincup()
	{
		cout << "倒入马克杯中" << endl;
	}
	//加东西
	virtual void putsometing()
	{
		cout << "加入牛奶和白糖" << endl;
	}
};
class Tea :public AbstractDrinking
{
public:
	//煮水
	virtual void boil()
	{
		cout << "煮泉水" << endl;
	}

	//冲泡
	virtual void brew()
	{
		cout << "冲泡茶叶" << endl;
	}
	//倒入
	virtual void pullincup()
	{
		cout << "倒入玻璃中" << endl;
	}
	//加东西
	virtual void putsometing()
	{
		cout << "加入枸杞" << endl;
	}
};
void doWork(AbstractDrinking *abc)
{
	
	abc->make();
	delete abc;


}
void test01()
{
	doWork(new Coffee);
	cout << "------------------" << endl;
	doWork(new Tea);
	cout << "------------------" << endl;
}
int main()
{
	test01();
	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

4.7.5 虚析构和纯虚析构

多态使用时,如果子类有属性开辟到堆区,那么父类指针在释放时无法调用子类的析构代码

解决方式:将父类中的析构函数改为虚析构或者纯虚析构

虚析构和纯虚析构共性:

  • 可以解决父类指针释放子类对象
  • 都需要具体的函数实现

虚析构和纯虚析构区别:

如果是纯虚析构,该类属于抽象类,无法实例对象

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
#include<string> 
//虚析构和纯虚析构
class Animal
{
public:
	Animal()
	{
		cout << "animal构造函数在调用" << endl;

	}
	//利用虚析构可以解决父类指针释放子类对象不干净的问题
	/*virtual ~Animal()
	{
		cout << "animal析构函数在调用" << endl; 
	}*/
	virtual void speak() = 0;
	//纯虚析构 需要声明也需要实现
	//有了纯虚析构之后,这个类也属于抽象类,无法实例化对象

	virtual ~Animal() = 0;
};
Animal:: ~Animal()
{
	cout << "animal纯虚析构函数调用" << endl;
}
class Cat :public Animal
{
public:
	Cat(string name)
	{
		cout << "cat构造函数在调用" << endl;
		m_Name = new string(name);
	}
	void speak()
	{
		cout << *m_Name<<"小猫在说话" << endl;
	}
	string *m_Name;//将姓名开辟到堆区
	~Cat()
	{
		if (m_Name != NULL)
		{
			cout << "cat析构函数调用" << endl;
			delete m_Name;
			m_Name = NULL;
		}
	}
};
void test01()
{
	Animal *abc = new Cat("Tom");
	abc->speak();
	//父类指针在析构时候,不会调用子类中析构代码,故出现内存泄露
	delete abc;
}
int main()
{
	test01();
	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

虚析构语法:

virtual ~类名(){};

纯虚析构语法:

virtual ~类名()=0;

类名::~类名(){};

总结:

  1. 虚析构或纯虚析构就是用来解决父类指针释放子类对象
  2. 如果子类没有堆区数据,可以不写为虚析构或纯虚析构
  3. 拥有纯虚析构的类也属于抽象类

4.7.6电脑组装具体实现

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
//抽象不同零件类
//抽象CPU类
class CPU
{
public:
	virtual void Calculate() = 0;
};
//抽象显卡类
class VideoCard
{
public:
	virtual void Show() = 0;
};

//抽象内存条类
class Memory
{
public:
	virtual void Storage() = 0;
};
//电脑类
class Computer
{
public:
	 Computer (CPU *cpu,VideoCard *vd,Memory *mr)
	{
		 m_cpu = cpu;
		 m_vd = vd;
		 m_mr = mr;
	}
	 //提供工作的函数
	 void work()
	 {
		 m_cpu->Calculate();
		 m_vd->Show();
		 m_mr->Storage();
	 }
	 ~Computer()
	 {
		 if (m_cpu != NULL)
		 {
			 delete m_cpu;
			 m_cpu = NULL;
		 }
		 if (m_mr != NULL)
		 {
			 delete m_mr;
			 m_mr = NULL;
		 }
		 if (m_vd != NULL)
		 {
			 delete m_vd;
			 m_vd = NULL;
		 }
	 }
private:
	CPU *m_cpu;
	VideoCard *m_vd;
	Memory *m_mr;

};
//创建Intel厂商
class IntelCPU :public CPU
{
public:
	virtual void Calculate()
	{
		cout << "IntelCPU开始计算啦" << endl;
	}
};
class IntelVideoCard :public VideoCard
{
public:
	virtual void Show()
	{
		cout << "IntelVideoCard开始显示啦" << endl;
	}
};
class IntelMemory :public Memory
{
public:
	virtual void Storage()
	{
		cout << "IntelMemory开始存储啦" << endl;
	}
};
//创建Lenovo厂商
class LenovoCPU :public CPU
{
public:
	virtual void Calculate()
	{
		cout << "LenovoCPU开始计算啦" << endl;
	}
};
class LenovoVideoCard :public VideoCard
{
public:
	virtual void Show()
	{
		cout << "LenovoVideoCard开始显示啦" << endl;
	}
};
class LenovoMemory :public Memory
{
public:
	virtual void Storage()
	{
		cout << "LenovoMemory开始存储啦" << endl;
	}
};
void test01()
{
	//第一台电脑零件
	CPU *cpu = new IntelCPU;
	VideoCard *vd = new IntelVideoCard;
	Memory *mr = new IntelMemory;
	//第一台电脑
	Computer *computer1 = new Computer(cpu,vd,mr);
	computer1->work();
	delete computer1;
	cout << "------------" << endl;
	Computer *computer2 =  new Computer(new LenovoCPU, new LenovoVideoCard, new LenovoMemory);
	//computer2.work();
	computer2->work();
	delete computer2;
}
int main()
{
	
	test01();
	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

类与对象的三大特性:封装、继承、多态到现在为止就学完啦。

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