C++多态的实现

多态的实现方式有两种，1是通过指针实现， 2是通过引用实现，但是引用不像指针那么灵活。

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

//基类People
class People{
public:
    People(char *name, int age);
    virtual void display();  //声明为虚函数，虚函数的存在是实现多态的基础
protected:
    char *m_name;
    int m_age;
};
People::People(char *name, int age): m_name(name), m_age(age){}
void People::display(){
    cout<<m_name<<"今年"<<m_age<<"岁了，是个无业游民。"<<endl;
}

//派生类Teacher
class Teacher: public People{
public:
    Teacher(char *name, int age, int salary);
    virtual void display();  //声明为虚函数
private:
    int m_salary;
};
Teacher::Teacher(char *name, int age, int salary): People(name, age), m_salary(salary){}
void Teacher::display(){
    cout<<m_name<<"今年"<<m_age<<"岁了，是一名教师，每月有"<<m_salary<<"元的收入。"<<endl;
}

int main(){
    People *p = new People("王志刚", 23);
    p -> display();

    p = new Teacher("赵宏佳", 45, 8200);
    p -> display();

    return 0;
}

运行结果：
王志刚今年23岁了，是个无业游民。
赵宏佳今年45岁了，是一名教师，每月有8200元的收入。

//输出对应地址的话，可以看到地址是变换的
王志刚今年23岁了，是个无业游民。
p指向基类: 指针地址为009F0830
赵宏佳今年45岁了，是一名教师，每月有8200元的收入。
p指向基类派生类: 指针地址为009EF900

基类指针在中途可以指向基类的派生类。

借助引用也可以实现多态

int main(){
    People p("王志刚", 23);
    Teacher t("赵宏佳", 45, 8200);
   
    People &rp = p;
    People &rt = t;
   
    rp.display();
    rt.display();
    return 0;
}

和指针不同，引用只能指向那一个对象，相当于一个常量，没有指针那样灵活。

多态在大型的应用里有很大的用途，使用基类的一个指针可以指向非常多的派生类，避免出现过多类的指针导致出错。

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
//军队
class Troops{
public:
    virtual void fight(){ cout<<"Strike back!"<<endl; }
};
//陆军
class Army: public Troops{
public:
    void fight(){ cout<<"--Army is fighting!"<<endl; }
};
//99A主战坦克
class _99A: public Army{
public:
    void fight(){ cout<<"----99A(Tank) is fighting!"<<endl; }
};
//武直10武装直升机
class WZ_10: public Army{
public:
    void fight(){ cout<<"----WZ-10(Helicopter) is fighting!"<<endl; }
};
//长剑10巡航导弹
class CJ_10: public Army{
public:
    void fight(){ cout<<"----CJ-10(Missile) is fighting!"<<endl; }
};
//空军
class AirForce: public Troops{
public:
    void fight(){ cout<<"--AirForce is fighting!"<<endl; }
};
//J-20隐形歼击机
class J_20: public AirForce{
public:
    void fight(){ cout<<"----J-20(Fighter Plane) is fighting!"<<endl; }
};
//CH5无人机
class CH_5: public AirForce{
public:
    void fight(){ cout<<"----CH-5(UAV) is fighting!"<<endl; }
};
//轰6K轰炸机
class H_6K: public AirForce{
public:
    void fight(){ cout<<"----H-6K(Bomber) is fighting!"<<endl; }
};
int main(){
    Troops *p = new Troops;
    p ->fight();
    //陆军
    p = new Army;
    p ->fight();
    p = new _99A;
    p -> fight();
    p = new WZ_10;
    p -> fight();
    p = new CJ_10;
    p -> fight();
    //空军
    p = new AirForce;
    p -> fight();
    p = new J_20;
    p -> fight();
    p = new CH_5;
    p -> fight();
    p = new H_6K;
    p -> fight();
    return 0;
}

Strike back!
--Army is fighting!
----99A(Tank) is fighting!
----WZ-10(Helicopter) is fighting!
----CJ-10(Missile) is fighting!
--AirForce is fighting!
----J-20(Fighter Plane) is fighting!
----CH-5(UAV) is fighting!
----H-6K(Bomber) is fighting!