用“压缩映射”原理证明数列收敛

用“压缩映像”原理证明数列收敛

定理

$1^{\circ }$ 对于任一数列 { x n } \left\{x_{n}\right\} { xn​}而言,若存在常数 r, 使得 $\forall n\in \mathbf{N}$, 桓有

$$\left|x_{n+1}-x_n\right|⩽r\left|x_n-x_{n-1}\right|,0<r<1\to (A)$$

则数列 { x n } \left\{x_{n}\right\} { xn​}收敛.

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$2^{\circ }$特别,若数列 { x n } \left\{x_{n}\right\} { xn​} 利用递推公式给出：

$x_{n+1}=f\left(x_n\right)(n=1,2,\cdots )$, 其中 f 为某一可微函数,且 $\exists r\in R$,使得

$$\left|f^{\prime }(x)\right|⩽r<1(\forall x\in \mathbf{R})\to (B)$$

则 { x n } \left\{x_{n}\right\} { xn​}收敛.

证明

$1^{\circ }$

 此时  ∣ x n + p − x n ∣ ⩽ ∑ k = n + 1 n + p ∣ x k − x k − 1 ∣ ⩽ ∑ k = n + 1 n + p r k − 1 ∣ x 1 − x 0 ∣ = ∣ x 1 − x 0 ∣ ⋅ r n − r n + p 1 − r ⩽ ∣ x 1 − x 0 ∣ r n 1 − r \begin{array}{l} \text { 此时 }\left|x_{n+p}-x_{n}\right| &\leqslant \sum_{k=n+1}^{n+p}\left|x_{k}-x_{k-1}\right| \\ &\leqslant \sum_{k=n+1}^{n+p} r^{k-1}\left|x_{1}-x_{0}\right|\\ &=\left|x_{1}-x_{0}\right| \cdot \frac{r^{n}-r^{n+p}}{1-r} \\ &\leqslant\left|x_{1}-x_{0}\right| \frac{r^{n}}{1-r} \end{array}  此时 ∣xn+p​−xn​∣​⩽∑k=n+1