高阶导数
高阶导数的概念
定义3.1 高阶导数
若
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n−1阶导函数均存在,且第
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n−1阶导函数可导,则将
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f\left ( x \right )
f(x)的第
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n−1阶导函数的求导产物称为
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f(x)的
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n阶导函数,记作
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\left [ f^{\left ( n-1 \right ) } \left ( x \right ) \right ]^{\prime }=f^{\left ( n \right ) } \left ( x \right )
[f(n−1)(x)]′=f(n)(x)或
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\frac{d^{n}y }{\left ( dx \right )^{n} }=\frac{d^{n}y }{ dx ^{n} }
(dx)ndny=dxndny,
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\frac{d^{n}f }{\left ( dx \right )^{n} }=\frac{d^{n}f }{ dx ^{n} }
(dx)ndnf=dxndnf,在工程问题中,一阶导数
f
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f^{\prime } \left ( x \right )
f′(x)又通常记为
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\dot{x}
x˙,二阶导数
f
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f^{\prime \prime }\left ( x \right )
f′′(x)又通常记为
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\ddot{x}
x¨。
定义
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f^{\left ( 0 \right ) } \left ( x \right )=f\left ( x \right )
f(0)(x)=f(x)。
高阶导数的运算法则
定理3.1
若 f ( x ) f\left ( x \right ) f(x), g ( x ) g\left ( x \right ) g(x)均可导,则 [ α f ( x ) + β g ( x ) ] ( n ) = α f ( n ) ( x ) + β g ( n ) ( x ) \left [ \alpha f\left ( x \right )+\beta g\left ( x \right ) \right ]^{\left ( n \right ) }=\alpha f^{\left ( n \right ) }\left ( x \right ) +\beta g^{\left ( n \right ) }\left ( x \right ) [αf(x)+βg(x)](n)=αf(n)(x)+βg(n)(x)。
定理3.2 Lebniz公式
若 f ( x ) f\left ( x \right ) f(x), g ( x ) g\left ( x \right ) g(x)均可导,则 ( f ( x ) ⋅ g ( x ) ) ( n ) = ∑ k = 0 n ( C n k f ( n − k ) g ( k ) ) \left ( f\left ( x \right )\cdot g\left ( x \right ) \right )^{\left ( n \right ) }= \sum_{k=0}^{n} \left ( C_{n}^{k} f^{\left ( n-k \right ) }g^{\left ( k \right ) } \right ) (f(x)⋅g(x))(n)=∑k=0n(Cnkf(n−k)g(k))。
第1类数学归纳法,对求导阶数
n
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n进行归纳。
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n=1时,
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\left ( f\left ( x \right )\cdot g\left ( x \right ) \right )^{\prime }=C_{1}^{1} f^{\prime } \left ( x \right ) \cdot g\left ( x \right ) + C_{1}^{0} g^{\prime } \left ( x \right ) \cdot f\left ( x \right )
(f(x)⋅g(x))′=C11f′(x)⋅g(x)+C10g′(x)⋅f(x),满足归纳假设。
设前
n
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n阶导数中归纳假设均成立,对
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n+1
n+1阶进行讨论,
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\begin{array}{l} &\left ( f\left ( x \right ) g\left ( x \right ) \right )^{\left ( n+1 \right ) } \\ = & \left [ \left (f\left ( x \right ) g\left ( x \right ) \right )^{\left ( n \right ) } \right ]^{\prime } \\ = &\left [ \sum_{k=0}^{n} \left ( C_{k}^{n} f^{\left ( n -k \right ) }g^{\left ( k \right ) } \right ) \right ]^{\prime } \\ = & \sum_{k=0}^{n}\left ( C_{n}^{k}f^{\left ( n-k+1 \right ) } g^{\left ( k \right ) } \right ) + \sum_{k=0}^{n}\left ( C_{n}^{k}f^{\left ( n -k \right ) } g^{\left ( k+1 \right ) } \right ) \\ =&C_{n}^{0} f^{\left ( n+1 \right ) }\left ( x \right ) g^{\left ( 0 \right ) }\left ( x \right )+\sum_{k=1}^{n}\left [ C_{n}^{k} f^{\left ( \left ( n+1 \right )-k \right ) }\left ( x \right ) g^{\left ( k \right ) }\left ( x \right ) \right ]+\sum_{k=1}^{n}\left [ C_{n}^{k-1} f^{\left ( \left ( n+1 \right )-k \right ) }\left ( x \right ) g^{\left ( k \right ) }\left ( x \right ) \right ] + C_{n}^{n} f^{\left ( 0 \right ) }\left ( x \right ) g^{\left ( n+1\right ) }\left ( x \right ) \\ \end{array}
====(f(x)g(x))(n+1)[(f(x)g(x))(n)]′[∑k=0n(Cknf(n−k)g(k))]′∑k=0n(Cnkf(n−k+1)g(k))+∑k=0n(Cnkf(n−k)g(k+1))Cn0f(n+1)(x)g(0)(x)+∑k=1n[Cnkf((n+1)−k)(x)g(k)(x)]+∑k=1n[Cnk−1f((n+1)−k)(x)g(k)(x)]+Cnnf(0)(x)g(n+1)(x)
根据组合数公式
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C_{n+1}^{k}=C_{n}^{k-1}+C_{n}^{k}
Cn+1k=Cnk−1+Cnk,上述多项式可以合并为
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\sum_{k=0}^{n+1} \left ( C_{n+1}^{k} f^{\left (\left ( n+1\right )-k \right ) }g^{\left ( k \right ) } \right )
∑k=0n+1(Cn+1kf((n+1)−k)g(k)),与Lebniz公式一致。
高阶微分
定义3.2 高阶微分
若 y = f ( x ) y=f\left ( x \right ) y=f(x)的前 n − 1 n-1 n−1阶微分均存在,且第 n − 1 n-1 n−1阶微分可微,则将 f ( x ) f\left ( x \right ) f(x)的第 n − 1 n-1 n−1阶微分的微分产物称为 f ( x ) f\left ( x \right ) f(x)的 n n n阶微分,一阶微分与一阶导数在一元函数中存在形式不变性,高阶微分一般不符合形式不变性。