微积分基本定理
变上限积分
定义5.1 变上限积分
函数 F ( x ) = ∫ a x f ( t ) d t F\left ( x \right ) =\int_{a}^{x} f\left ( t \right )dt F(x)=∫axf(t)dt称为变上限积分, x ∈ ( a , b ) x\in \left(a,b\right) x∈(a,b)为自变量, t t t为参数。
引理5.1
函数 F ( x ) = ∫ a x f ( t ) d t F\left ( x \right ) =\int_{a}^{x} f\left ( t \right )dt F(x)=∫axf(t)dt连续,若被积函数 f ( t ) f\left ( t \right ) f(t)在 [ a , b ] \left [ a,b \right ] [a,b]连续,变上限积分 F ( x ) = ∫ a x f ( t ) d t F\left ( x \right ) =\int_{a}^{x} f\left ( t \right )dt F(x)=∫axf(t)dt的导数 F ′ ( x ) = f ( x ) F^{\prime } \left ( x \right ) =f\left ( x \right ) F′(x)=f(x)。
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\begin{array}{l} &\lim _{\Delta x\to 0} \left ( F\left ( \Delta x+x \right ) -F\left ( x \right ) \right ) \\ =&\lim_{\Delta x \to 0}\left ( \int_{a}^{x+\Delta x} f\left ( t \right ) dt -\int_{a}^{x} f\left ( t \right ) dt \right ) \\ =&\lim_{\Delta x \to 0} \left ( \int_{x}^{x+\Delta x} f\left ( t \right )dt \right ) \end{array}
==limΔx→0(F(Δx+x)−F(x))limΔx→0(∫ax+Δxf(t)dt−∫axf(t)dt)limΔx→0(∫xx+Δxf(t)dt)
引用积分第一中值定理,令
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\int_{x}^{x+\Delta x} f\left ( x \right )g\left ( x \right ) dx= \left\{\begin{matrix} \eta \Delta x (\eta \in \left ( m,M \right ) ) & f\left ( x \right )可积 \\ f\left ( \xi \right )\Delta x (\xi位于x与x+\Delta x之间) & f\left ( x \right )连续 \end{matrix}\right.
∫xx+Δxf(x)g(x)dx={ηΔx(η∈(m,M))f(ξ)Δx(ξ位于x与x+Δx之间)f(x)可积f(x)连续
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\lim _{\Delta x\to 0} \left ( F\left ( \Delta x+x \right ) -F\left ( x \right ) \right )=\lim_{\Delta x \to 0} \left ( \int_{x}^{x+\Delta x} f\left ( t \right )dt \right )=0
limΔx→0(F(Δx+x)−F(x))=limΔx→0(∫xx+Δxf(t)dt)=0,函数
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F\left ( x \right ) =\int_{a}^{x} f\left ( t \right )dt
F(x)=∫axf(t)dt连续。
若被积函数
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\lim _{\Delta x\to 0} \frac{F\left ( x+\Delta x \right ) -F\left ( x \right ) }{\Delta x} =\lim _{\Delta x\to 0} f\left ( \xi \right )=\lim _{\xi \to x} f\left ( \xi \right )=f\left ( x \right )
limΔx→0ΔxF(x+Δx)−F(x)=limΔx→0f(ξ)=limξ→xf(ξ)=f(x)。
定理5.1 微积分基本定理(Newton-Lebniz公式)
∫ a b f ( t ) d t = F ( b ) − F ( a ) \int_{a}^{b} f\left ( t \right )dt=F\left ( b \right )-F\left ( a \right ) ∫abf(t)dt=F(b)−F(a)。
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\int_{a}^{x} f\left ( t\right )dt=F\left ( x \right ) +C
∫axf(t)dt=F(x)+C(
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C\in \mathbb{R}
C∈R),
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\int_{a}^{x} f\left ( t\right )dt=F\left ( x \right ) -F\left ( a \right )
∫axf(t)dt=F(x)−F(a),
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\int_{a}^{b} f\left ( t\right )dt=F\left ( b \right ) -F\left ( a \right )
∫abf(t)dt=F(b)−F(a)。