1、变量类型
(1)基础变量类型
short //短整形,占两个字节
long //长整型,占4个字节
int //整形,2或4个字节
long long //长长整形,8个字节
char //字符类型,1个字节
bool //布尔值,1个字节,true或者false
float //浮点数,单精度,4个字节
double //浮点数,双精度,4个字节
(2)有符号变量
unsigned xxx //无符号,正值
xxx //有符号,正负
(3)常量
常量的定义方式有两种:
- 方式一:
const int red_score = 50;
- 方式二:
#define red_score = 50
(4)自动变量
编译器根据赋给变量的初值自动推断出变量的类型。
auto index = 1;
auto rate = 500 / 0.3;
(5)数组
一维数组
int past[5] = {1,2,3,4,5}
二维数组
int frid[2, 3] // 2行3列
多维数组
int cube[5,3,4]
(6)结构体
struct info{
str name;
int age;
}
2、运算符
(1)赋值运算符
grade = 96
(2)组合运算符
- 自赋值加法运算符
score+= 10
- 递增和递减运算符
score ++; 等价于 score = score + 1;
score --; 等价于 score = score - 1;
- 前缀运算符和后缀运算符
//效果相同,都是将count加1
++count;
count++;
前缀运算符和后缀运算符的差别在于,后缀运算符在赋值后执行。
(3)指针
以int *p = &i
为例:
*p
是指针,*p
就是内容i
。p
是存储地址的变量,p
的内容是地址。
//声明一个指针
int *i;
int i = 30;
// & 获取地址
std::cout << "&i = "<< &i << std::endl;
std::cout << "i = " << i << std::endl;
// 获取对应指针的对象
int *pi = &i;
std::cout << "*pi = " << *pi << std::endl;
int **ppi = π
std::cout << "**ppi = " << **ppi << std::endl;
(4)逻辑操作
- 与操作
if ((x == 5) && (y == 5))
- 或操作
if ((x == 5) || (y == 5))
- 非操作
if (!(grade < 70))
函数
函数的声明
int findArea(int length, int width);
- 返回值:
int
- 函数名:
findArea
- 两个形参的名称和类型:
int length, int width
具体使用方法:
#include <iostream>
//声明函数
int findArea(int length, int width);
int main() {
int length;
int width;
int area;
std::cout << "\nWidth: ";
std::cin >> width;
std::cout << "\nlength: ";
std::cin >> length;
area = width * length;
std::cout << "\nthe area is " << area;
return 0;
}
//定义函数
int findArea(int l, int w) {
return l*w;
}
类
创建基本类
#include <iostream>
class Tricycle {
public:
Tricycle(int initialSpeed);
int getSpeed();
void setSpeed(int speed);
void pedal();
void brake();
private:
int speed;
};
// 初始化类
Tricycle::Tricycle(int initialSpeed) {
setSpeed(initialSpeed);
std::cout << "\niniting; tricycle speed: " << speed << "m/s\n";
}
// 获取当前速度
int Tricycle::getSpeed() {
return speed;
}
// 设置速度
void Tricycle::setSpeed(int newSpeed) {
if(newSpeed >= 0) {
speed = newSpeed;
}
}
// 踩踏板
void Tricycle::pedal() {
setSpeed(speed + 1);
std::cout << "\nPedaling; tricycle speed: " << speed << "m/s\n";
}
void Tricycle::brake() {
setSpeed(speed - 1);
std::cout << "\nBraking; tricycle speed: " << speed << "m/s\n";
}
int main() {
Tricycle myBike(0);
myBike.setSpeed(0);
myBike.pedal();
myBike.brake();
return 0;
}