Dropout是一种正则化神经网络的技术,它通过在前向传递过程中将一些特征随机设置为零。在本练习中,您将实现一个dropout层,并修改完全连接的网络以选择使用dropout
In[1]:
# As usual, a bit of setup
from __future__ import print_function
import time
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from cs231n.classifiers.fc_net import *
from cs231n.data_utils import get_CIFAR10_data
from cs231n.gradient_check import eval_numerical_gradient, eval_numerical_gradient_array
from cs231n.solver import Solver
#%matplotlib inline
plt.rcParams['figure.figsize'] = (10.0, 8.0) # set default size of plots
plt.rcParams['image.interpolation'] = 'nearest'
plt.rcParams['image.cmap'] = 'gray'
# for auto-reloading external modules
# see http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1907993/autoreload-of-modules-in-ipython
%load_ext autoreload
%autoreload 2
def rel_error(x, y):
""" returns relative error """
return np.max(np.abs(x - y) / (np.maximum(1e-8, np.abs(x) + np.abs(y))))
In[2]:
# Load the (preprocessed) CIFAR10 data.
data = get_CIFAR10_data()
for k, v in data.items():
print('%s: ' % k, v.shape)
Dropout forward pass:
主要思想:在训练时忽略部分神经元,在测试时测试全部神经元
完成cs231n/layers.py中的函数
def dropout_forward(x, dropout_param):
"""
Performs the forward pass for (inverted) dropout.
Inputs:
- x: Input data, of any shape
- dropout_param: A dictionary with the following keys:
- p: Dropout parameter. We keep each neuron output with probability p.
- mode: 'test' or 'train'. If the mode is train, then perform dropout;
if the mode is test, then just return the input.
- seed: Seed for the random number generator. Passing seed makes this
function deterministic, which is needed for gradient checking but not
in real networks.
Outputs:
- out: Array of the same shape as x.
- cache: tuple (dropout_param, mask). In training mode, mask is the dropout
mask that was used to multiply the input; in test mode, mask is None.
NOTE: Please implement **inverted** dropout, not the vanilla version of dropout.
See http://cs231n.github.io/neural-networks-2/#reg for more details.
NOTE 2: Keep in mind that p is the probability of **keep** a neuron
output; this might be contrary to some sources, where it is referred to
as the probability of dropping a neuron output.
"""
p, mode = dropout_param['p'], dropout_param['mode']
if 'seed' in dropout_param:
np.random.seed(dropout_param['seed'])
mask = None
out = None
if mode == 'train':
#######################################################################
# TODO: Implement training phase forward pass for inverted dropout. #
# Store the dropout mask in the mask variable. #
#######################################################################
mask = ( np.random.rand(*x.shape)