【安卓开发】蓝牙通信的简要设计与开发

一、功能说明

• 搜索附近蓝牙设备，能与周围设备手动发起蓝牙通信请求
• 实现设备之间通过蓝牙进行通信
• 用户自定义蓝牙设备能否被搜索

二、开发步骤

• 首先开启蓝牙
• 搜索可用设备
• 创建蓝牙socket，获取输入输出流
• 读取和写入数据
• 断开连接关闭蓝牙

2.1 页面设计

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    android:orientation="vertical"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent">

    <TextView
        android:id="@+id/title_paired_devices"
        android:layout_width="match_parent"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:background="#666"
        android:text="@string/title_paired_devices"
        android:textColor="#fff"
        android:visibility="visible" />
    <ListView android:id="@+id/paired_devices"
        android:layout_width="match_parent"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:layout_weight="1" />

    <TextView
        android:id="@+id/title_new_devices"
        android:layout_width="match_parent"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:background="#666"
        android:text="@string/title_other_devices"
        android:textColor="#fff"
        android:visibility="visible" />
    <!--android:visibility="gone"表示不占空间的隐藏，invisible是占空间-->
    <ListView android:id="@+id/new_devices"
        android:layout_width="match_parent"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:layout_weight="2" />
    <Button android:id="@+id/button_scan"
        android:layout_width="match_parent"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:text="@string/button_scan" />
</LinearLayout>

2.2 申请蓝牙权限

1. BLUETOOTH。执行任何蓝牙通信，例如请求连接、接受连接和传输数据等。
2. ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION。应用需要此权限，因为蓝牙扫描可用于收集用户的位置信息。此类信息可能来自用户自己的设备，以及在商店和交通设施等位置使用的蓝牙信标。

申请权限代码如下：

<manifest >
  <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.BLUETOOTH" />
  <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.BLUETOOTH_ADMIN" />
  <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION" />
</manifest>

2.3 设置蓝牙

1. 获取BluetoothAdapter

BluetoothAdapter bluetoothAdapter = BluetoothAdapter.getDefaultAdapter();
if (bluetoothAdapter == null) {
    // Device doesn't support Bluetooth
}

2. 启动蓝牙 isEnabled()
检查当前是否已启用蓝牙。如要请求启用蓝牙，调用 startActivityForResult()，传入一个 ACTION_REQUEST_ENABLE Intent 操作。此调用会发出通过系统设置启用蓝牙的请求。

if (!bluetoothAdapter.isEnabled()) {
    Intent enableBtIntent = new Intent(BluetoothAdapter.ACTION_REQUEST_ENABLE);
    startActivityForResult(enableBtIntent, REQUEST_ENABLE_BT);
}

3. 蓝牙设备DeviceAdapter

public class DeviceAdapter extends BaseAdapter {
    private Context mContext;
    private List<BluetoothDevice> mDate;

    public DeviceAdapter(List<BluetoothDevice> Date, Context context){
        mDate = Date;
        mContext = context;
    }
    @Override
    public int getCount() {
        return mDate.size();
    }
    @Override
    public Object getItem(int position) {
        return mDate.get(position);
    }

    @Override
    public long getItemId(int position) {
        return position;
    }
    @Override
    public View getView(int position, View convertView, ViewGroup parent) {
        ViewHolder viewHolder = null;
        if(convertView==null){
            viewHolder = new ViewHolder();
            convertView = LayoutInflater.from(mContext).inflate(R.layout.deviceadapter_layout,null);
            viewHolder.textView1 = (TextView)convertView.findViewById(R.id.textview1);
            viewHolder.textView2 = (TextView)convertView.findViewById(R.id.textview2);
            convertView.setTag(viewHolder);
        }else{
            viewHolder = (ViewHolder) convertView.getTag();
        }
        //获取蓝牙设备
        BluetoothDevice bluetoothDevice = (BluetoothDevice) getItem(position);
        viewHolder.textView1.setText("Name="+bluetoothDevice.getName());
        viewHolder.textView2.setText("Address"+bluetoothDevice.getAddress());
        return convertView;
    }
    public class ViewHolder{
        public TextView textView1;
        public  TextView textView2;
    }
    public void refresh(List<BluetoothDevice> data){
        mDate = data;
        notifyDataSetChanged();
    }
}

2.4 查找设备

1. 查询已配对设备 getBondedDevices()
返回一组表示已配对设备的 BluetoothDevice 对象，查询所有已配对设备，并获取每台设备的名称和 MAC 地址。

Set<BluetoothDevice> pairedDevices = bluetoothAdapter.getBondedDevices();
if (pairedDevices.size() > 0) {
    // There are paired devices. Get the name and address of each paired device.
    for (BluetoothDevice device : pairedDevices) {
        String deviceName = device.getName();
        String deviceHardwareAddress = device.getAddress(); // MAC address
    }
}

2. 发现设备 startDiscovery()
该进程为异步操作，并且会返回一个布尔值，指示发现进程是否已成功启动。

@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
    // Register for broadcasts when a device is discovered.
    IntentFilter filter = new IntentFilter(BluetoothDevice.ACTION_FOUND);
    registerReceiver(receiver, filter);
}
// Create a BroadcastReceiver for ACTION_FOUND.
private final BroadcastReceiver receiver = new BroadcastReceiver() {
    public void onReceive(Context context, Intent intent) {
        String action = intent.getAction();
        if (BluetoothDevice.ACTION_FOUND.equals(action)) {
            // Discovery has found a device. Get the BluetoothDevice
            // object and its info from the Intent.
            BluetoothDevice device = intent.getParcelableExtra(BluetoothDevice.EXTRA_DEVICE);
            String deviceName = device.getName();
            String deviceHardwareAddress = device.getAddress(); // MAC address
        }
    }
};
@Override
protected void onDestroy() {
    super.onDestroy();
    // Don't forget to unregister the ACTION_FOUND receiver.
    unregisterReceiver(receiver);
}

3. 启用可检测性
当希望将本地设备设为可被其他设备检测到，则使用 ACTION_REQUEST_DISCOVERABLE Intent 调用 startActivityForResult()。这样便可发出启用系统可检测到模式的请求，从而无需导航至设置应用，避免暂停使用应用。

Intent discoverableIntent = new Intent(BluetoothAdapter.ACTION_REQUEST_DISCOVERABLE);
discoverableIntent.putExtra(BluetoothAdapter.EXTRA_DISCOVERABLE_DURATION, 300);
startActivity(discoverableIntent);

2.5 连接设备

需要同时实现服务器端和客户端机制，因为其中一台设备必须开放服务器套接字，而另一台设备必须使用服务器设备的 MAC 地址发起连接。服务器设备和客户端设备均会以不同方法获得所需的 BluetoothSocket。接受传入连接后，服务器会收到套接字信息。在打开与服务器相连的 RFCOMM 通道时，客户端会提供套接字信息。
1. 服务器连接

private class AcceptThread extends Thread {
    private final BluetoothServerSocket mmServerSocket;

    public AcceptThread() {
        // Use a temporary object that is later assigned to mmServerSocket
        // because mmServerSocket is final.
        BluetoothServerSocket tmp = null;
        try {
            // MY_UUID is the app's UUID string, also used by the client code.
            tmp = bluetoothAdapter.listenUsingRfcommWithServiceRecord(NAME, MY_UUID);
        } catch (IOException e) {
            Log.e(TAG, "Socket's listen() method failed", e);
        }
        mmServerSocket = tmp;
    }

    public void run() {
        BluetoothSocket socket = null;
        // Keep listening until exception occurs or a socket is returned.
        while (true) {
            try {
                socket = mmServerSocket.accept();
            } catch (IOException e) {
                Log.e(TAG, "Socket's accept() method failed", e);
                break;
            }

            if (socket != null) {
                // A connection was accepted. Perform work associated with
                // the connection in a separate thread.
                manageMyConnectedSocket(socket);
                mmServerSocket.close();
                break;
            }
        }
    }

    // Closes the connect socket and causes the thread to finish.
    public void cancel() {
        try {
            mmServerSocket.close();
        } catch (IOException e) {
            Log.e(TAG, "Could not close the connect socket", e);
        }
    }
}

2、客户端连接

private class ConnectThread extends Thread {
    private final BluetoothSocket mmSocket;
    private final BluetoothDevice mmDevice;

    public ConnectThread(BluetoothDevice device) {
        // Use a temporary object that is later assigned to mmSocket
        // because mmSocket is final.
        BluetoothSocket tmp = null;
        mmDevice = device;

        try {
            // Get a BluetoothSocket to connect with the given BluetoothDevice.
            // MY_UUID is the app's UUID string, also used in the server code.
            tmp = device.createRfcommSocketToServiceRecord(MY_UUID);
        } catch (IOException e) {
            Log.e(TAG, "Socket's create() method failed", e);
        }
        mmSocket = tmp;
    }

    public void run() {
        // Cancel discovery because it otherwise slows down the connection.
        bluetoothAdapter.cancelDiscovery();
        try {
            // Connect to the remote device through the socket. This call blocks
            // until it succeeds or throws an exception.
            mmSocket.connect();
        } catch (IOException connectException) {
            // Unable to connect; close the socket and return.
            try {
                mmSocket.close();
            } catch (IOException closeException) {
                Log.e(TAG, "Could not close the client socket", closeException);
            }
            return;
        }

        // The connection attempt succeeded. Perform work associated with
        // the connection in a separate thread.
        manageMyConnectedSocket(mmSocket);
    }
    // Closes the client socket and causes the thread to finish.
    public void cancel() {
        try {
            mmSocket.close();
        } catch (IOException e) {
            Log.e(TAG, "Could not close the client socket", e);
        }
    }
}

3. 通讯处理类

public class ConnectedThread extends Thread {
    private final BluetoothSocket mmSocket;
    private final InputStream mmInStream;
    private final OutputStream mmOutStream;
    private final Handler mHandler;
    public ConnectedThread(BluetoothSocket socket, Handler handler) {
        mmSocket = socket;
        InputStream tmpIn = null;
        OutputStream tmpOut = null;
        mHandler = handler;

        try {
            tmpIn = socket.getInputStream();
            tmpOut = socket.getOutputStream();
        } catch (IOException e) { }

        mmInStream = tmpIn;
        mmOutStream = tmpOut;
    }
    public void run() {
        byte[] buffer = new byte[1024]; 
        int bytes;

   
        //一直读数据
        while (true) {
            try {

                bytes = mmInStream.read(buffer);

                if( bytes >0) {
                    Message message = mHandler.obtainMessage(Constant.MSG_GOT_DATA, new String(buffer, 0, bytes, "utf-8"));
                    mHandler.sendMessage(message);
                }
                Log.d("GOTMSG", "message size" + bytes);
            } catch (IOException e) {
                mHandler.sendMessage(mHandler.obtainMessage(Constant.MSG_ERROR, e));
                break;
            }
        }
    }
    //发送数据
    public void write(byte[] bytes) {
        try {
            mmOutStream.write(bytes);
        } catch (IOException e) { }
    }
    public void cancel() {
        try {
            mmSocket.close();
        } catch (IOException e) { }
    }
}

4. Constant常量类

public class Constant {
    public static final String CONNECTTION_UUID = "00001101-0000-1000-8000-00805F9B34FB";
    /**
     * 开始监听
     */
    public static final int MSG_START_LISTENING = 1;
    /**
     * 结束监听
     */
    public static final int MSG_FINISH_LISTENING = 2;
    /**
     * 有客户端连接
     */
    public static final int MSG_GOT_A_CLINET = 3;
    /**
     * 连接到服务器
     */
    public static final int MSG_CONNECTED_TO_SERVER = 4;
    /**
     * 获取到数据
     */
    public static final int MSG_GOT_DATA = 5;
    /**
     * 出错
     */
    public static final int MSG_ERROR = -1;
}

5. 蓝牙控制类BlueToothController

public class BlueToothController {
    private BluetoothAdapter mAapter;

    public BlueToothController() {
        mAapter = BluetoothAdapter.getDefaultAdapter();
    }

    public BluetoothAdapter getAdapter() {
        return mAapter;
    }
    /**
     * 打开蓝牙
     * @param activity
     * @param requestCode
     */
    public void turnOnBlueTooth(Activity activity, int requestCode) {
        Intent intent = new Intent(BluetoothAdapter.ACTION_REQUEST_ENABLE);
        activity.startActivityForResult(intent, requestCode);
//        mAdapter.enable();
    }

    /**
     * 打开蓝牙可见性
     * @param context
     */
    public void enableVisibly(Context context) {
        Intent discoverableIntent = new
                Intent(BluetoothAdapter.ACTION_REQUEST_DISCOVERABLE);
        discoverableIntent.putExtra(BluetoothAdapter.EXTRA_DISCOVERABLE_DURATION, 300);
        context.startActivity(discoverableIntent);
    }

    /**
     * 查找设备
     */
    public void findDevice() {
        assert (mAapter != null);
        mAapter.startDiscovery();
    }

    /**
     * 获取绑定设备
     * @return
     */
    public List<BluetoothDevice> getBondedDeviceList() {
        return new ArrayList<>(mAapter.getBondedDevices());
    }
}

2.6 管理连接

成功连接多台设备后，每台设备都会有已连接的 BluetoothSocket，使用 BluetoothSocket 传输数据。
1. 蓝牙控制BlueToothController

public class BlueToothController {
    private BluetoothAdapter mAapter;

    public BlueToothController() {
        mAapter = BluetoothAdapter.getDefaultAdapter();
    }

    public BluetoothAdapter getAdapter() {
        return mAapter;
    }
    /**
     * 打开蓝牙
     * @param activity
     * @param requestCode
     */
    public void turnOnBlueTooth(Activity activity, int requestCode) {
        Intent intent = new Intent(BluetoothAdapter.ACTION_REQUEST_ENABLE);
        activity.startActivityForResult(intent, requestCode);
//        mAdapter.enable();
    }
    /**
     * 打开蓝牙可见性
     * @param context
     */
    public void enableVisibly(Context context) {
        Intent discoverableIntent = new
               Intent(BluetoothAdapter.ACTION_REQUEST_DISCOVERABLE);       discoverableIntent.putExtra(BluetoothAdapter.EXTRA_DISCOVERABLE_DURATION, 300);
        context.startActivity(discoverableIntent);
    }
    /**
     * 查找设备
     */
    public void findDevice() {
        assert (mAapter != null);
        mAapter.startDiscovery();
    }

    /**
     * 获取绑定设备
     * @return
     */
    public List<BluetoothDevice> getBondedDeviceList() {
        return new ArrayList<>(mAapter.getBondedDevices());
    }
}

三、结果展示

四、源码链接

gitee仓库地址