c++学习day2

封面：

4 流程化结构

三种结构：顺序结构、选择结构、循环结构

if语句

贴一下 C++ 支持数学中的常用逻辑条件：

• 小于：a < b
• 小于或等于：a <= b
• 大于：a > b
• 大于或等于：a >= b
• 等于 a == b
• 不等于：a ！= b

int main()
{
	int score = 0;
	cout << "请输入您的分数(0-100)：" << endl;
	cin >> score;
	cout << "您输入的分数是：" << score << endl;

	if (score < 60)
	{
		cout << "成绩不及格，多多努力" << endl;
	}
	else if (score < 80)
	{
		cout << "您的成绩良好" << endl;
	}
	else
	{
		cout << "成绩优秀，继续保持" << endl;
	}

	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

小作业：三至小猪称体重（判断那只最重）

思路：首先判断a与b，其次判断c于其中较大者

直接贴代码：

int main()
{
	int a = 0;
	cout << "请输入A的体重：" << a << endl;
	cin >> a;

	int b = 0;
	cout << "请输入B的体重：" << b << endl;
	cin >> b;

	int c = 0;
	cout << "请输入C的体重：" << c << endl;
	cin >> c;

	cout << "ABC的体重分别是：" << a << "、" << b << "、" << c << endl;

	if (a > b)
	{
		if (a > c)
		{
			cout << "A最重" << endl;
		}
		else
		{
			cout << "C最重" << endl;
		}
	}
	else
	{
		if (c > b)
		{
			cout << "C最重" << endl;
		}
		else
		{
			cout << "B最重" << endl;
		}
	}
	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

if简写之三元运算符

由三个操作数组成。它可用于替换多条线路 的代码与单行。它通常用于替换简单的 if else 语句：

语法：variable = (condition) ? expressionTrue : expressionFalse;

贴代码：

if循环

	int time1 = 20;
	if (time1 < 18) {
		cout << "Good day.";
	}
	else {
		cout << "Good evening.";
	}

三元运算符

	int time2 = 16;
	string result = (time2 < 18) ? "Good day." : "Good evening.";
	cout << result;

switch语句

语法：

switch(expression)
{
  case x:
    // code block
    break;
  case y:
    // code block
    break;
  default:
    // code block
}

直接来个星期几的判断吧，上代码：

int main()
{
	int day = 0;
	cout << "请输入1-7任意数字：" << '\n';
	cin >> day;

	switch (day)
	{
		case(1):
			cout << "Monday";
			break;
		case(2):
			cout << "Tuesday";
			break;
		case(3):
			cout << "Wedensday";
			break;
		case(4):
			cout << "Thursday";
			break;
		case(5):
			cout << "Friday";
			break;
		case(6):
			cout << "Saturday";
			break;
		case(7):
			cout << "Sunday";
			break;

	system("pause");
	return 0;
	}

c++循环

while，简单上代码：

int i = 0;
while (i < 5)
 {
  cout << i << "\n";
  i++;
}

do while，上代码：

int i = 0;
do {
  cout << i << "\n";
  i++;
}
while (i < 5);

for循环

确切地知道要遍历 1 个块的次数时 代码，使用循环for而不是循环while

for (int i = 0; i <= 10; i = i + 2) {
  cout << i << "\n";
}

foreach循环用于遍历数组（或其他数据集）中的元素：

int myNumbers[5] = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};
for (int i : myNumbers) {
  cout << i << "\n";
}

c++中断

continue用来继续循环中的下一次迭代

for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
  if (i == 4) {
    continue;
  }
  cout << i << "\n";
}

break用于跳出循环

int i = 0;
while (i < 10) {
  cout << i << "\n";
  i++;
  if (i == 4) {
    break;
  }
}

5 数组

创建数组及修改

数组用于在单个变量中存储多个值，而不是为每个变量声明单独的变量值。要声明数组，请定义变量类型，指定名称 数组后跟方括号，并指定它应该存储的元素数：

string cars[4] = {"Volvo", "BMW", "Ford", "Mazda"};   //列表
//int num[3] = {10, 20, 30};
cars[0] = "Opel";   //修改列表元素
cout << cars[0];
// Now outputs Opel instead of Volvo

创建时还可以省略数字大小，但是不提倡：

string cars[] = {"Volvo", "BMW", "Ford"}; // Three array elements

遍历数组

利用for循环：

string cars[5] = {"Volvo", "BMW", "Ford", "Mazda", "Tesla"};
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
  cout << i << " = " << cars[i] << "\n";
}

还有一个“for-each 循环”（在 C++ 版本 11 （2011） 中引入），专门用于循环数组中的元素：

int myNumbers[5] = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};
for (int i : myNumbers) {
  cout << i << "\n";
}

获取数组大小

要获取数组的大小，可以使用运算符：sizeof()

int myNumbers[5] = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};
cout << sizeof(myNumbers);
//=20

sizeof()运算符以字节为单位返回类型的大小。

要想找出数组有多少个元素，您必须将数组的大小除以 它包含的数据类型的大小：

int myNumbers[5] = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};
int getArrayLength = sizeof(myNumbers) / sizeof(int);
cout << getArrayLength;
//=5

多维数组的创建和遍历：

string letters[2][2][2] = {
  {
    { "A", "B" },
    { "C", "D" }
  },
  {
    { "E", "F" },
    { "G", "H" }
  }
};

for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
  for (int j = 0; j < 2; j++) {
    for (int k = 0; k < 2; k++) {
      cout << letters[i][j][k] << "\n";
    }
  }
}

6 结构

创建结构：

使用关键字并在大括号内声明其每个成员。

声明后，指定结构变量的名称（以下示例中的 myStructure）：

struct {             // Structure declaration
  int myNum;         // Member (int variable)
  string myString;   // Member (string variable)
} myStructure;       // Structure variable

访问成员：

// Create a structure variable called myStructure
struct {
  int myNum;
  string myString;
} myStructure;

// Assign values to members of myStructure
myStructure.myNum = 1;
myStructure.myString = "Hello World!";

// Print members of myStructure
cout << myStructure.myNum << "\n";
cout << myStructure.myString << "\n";

多变量使用同一个结构：

struct {
  string brand;
  string model;
  int year;
} myCar1, myCar2; // We can add variables by separating them with a comma here

// Put data into the first structure
myCar1.brand = "BMW";
myCar1.model = "X5";
myCar1.year = 1999;

// Put data into the second structure
myCar2.brand = "Ford";
myCar2.model = "Mustang";
myCar2.year = 1969;

// Print the structure members
cout << myCar1.brand << " " << myCar1.model << " " << myCar1.year << "\n";
cout << myCar2.brand << " " << myCar2.model << " " << myCar2.year << "\n";

7 引用

引用变量是对现有变量的“引用”，使用&运算符创建：

string food = "Pizza";
string &meal = food;

cout << food << "\n";  // Outputs Pizza
cout << meal << "\n";  // Outputs Pizza

引用的原理是符号&可以访问变量的内存地址：

string food = "Pizza";

cout << &food; // Outputs 0x6dfed4

8 指针

创建

指针是一种特殊的变量，用来储存变量内存地址：

string food = "Pizza";  // A food variable of type string
string* ptr = &food;    // A pointer variable, with the name ptr, that stores the address of food

// Output the value of food (Pizza)
cout << food << "\n";

// Output the memory address of food (0x6dfed4)
cout << &food << "\n";

// Output the memory address of food with the pointer (0x6dfed4)
cout << ptr << "\n";

取消

可以使用 “ * ”指针通过运算符获取变量的值 

string food = "Pizza";  // Variable declaration
string* ptr = &food;    // Pointer declaration

// Reference: Output the memory address of food with the pointer (0x6dfed4)
cout << ptr << "\n";

// Dereference: Output the value of food with the pointer (Pizza)
cout << *ptr << "\n";

修改

可以通过指针修改变量的值

string food = "Pizza";
string* ptr = &food;

// Output the value of food (Pizza)
cout << food << "\n";

// Output the memory address of food (0x6dfed4)
cout << &food << "\n";

// Access the memory address of food and output its value (Pizza)
cout << *ptr << "\n";

// Change the value of the pointer
*ptr = "Hamburger";

// Output the new value of the pointer (Hamburger)
cout << *ptr << "\n";

// Output the new value of the food variable (Hamburger)
cout << food << "\n";