mysql基础

1. 数据库的种类

1.1 数据结构模型
数据结构模型主要有：

• 层次模型

• 网状结构

• 关系模型

• 关系模型：
  二维关系：row，column

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• 1.1数据库的种类：

在早期数据库的类型一般分为三种 关系型数据库，非关系型数据库，以及网络式数据库
但是在现在的物联网通常把数据库分为两类：关系型数据库和非关系型数据库

• 1.2关系型数据库的特点

1. 采用的是二维表结构更加适合开发逻辑
2. 数据存储在磁盘中，相比之下更加的安全
3. 可以使用SQL语句在多个表中做复杂的查询
4. 全部由表构成，文件格式基本一致

• #####非关系型数据库的特点：

1. 可以实现数据分布式处理
2. 因为是非关系型数据库所以具有很好的扩展性，稳定性和低成本等等特点
3. 效率更高速度更快，存储方式可以使用硬盘也可以用随机存储器为载体
4. 文件类型可以有很多种，例如key-value形式，文档形式，图片形式等等
   数据库管理系统：DBMS
   关系：Relational，RDBMS

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2. RDBMS专业名词

2.1常见的关系型数据库管理系统：

• MySQL：MySQL，MariaDB，Percona-Server

• PostgreSQL：简称为pgsql

• Oracle

• MSSQL

• SQL：Structure Query Language，结构化查询语言

• 约束：constraint，向数据表提供的数据要遵守的限制

• 主键约束：一个或多个字段的组合，填入的数据必须能在本表中唯一标识本行。且必须提供数据，不能为空（NOT NULL）。
  一个表只能存在一个

• 惟一键约束：一个或多个字段的组合，填入的数据必须能在本表中唯一标识本行。允许为空（NULL）
  一个表可以存在多个

• 外键约束：一个表中的某字段可填入数据取决于另一个表的主键已有的数据
  检查性约束
  索引：将表中的一个或多个字段中的数据复制一份另存，并且这些数据需要按特定次序排序存储

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2.2关系型数据库的常见组件

关系型数据库的常见组件有：

• 数据库：database
• 表：table，由行（row）和列（column）组成
• 索引：index
• 视图：view
• 用户：user
• 权限：privilege
• 存储过程：procedure
• 存储函数：function
• 触发器：trigger
• 事件调度器：event scheduler

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2.3 SQL语句

SQL语句有三种类型：

• DDL：Data Defination Language，数据定义语言
• DML：Data Manipulation Language，数据操纵语言
• DCL：Data Control Language，数据控制语言

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SQL语句类型	对应操作
DDL	CREATE：创建 DROP：删除 ALTER：修改
DML	INSERT：向表中插入数据 DELETE：删除表中数据 UPDATE：更新表中数据 SELECT：查询表中数据
DCL	GRANT：授权 REVOKE：移除授权

• 3.mysql的yum部署

   // 下载mysql源
[root@cxr ~]# wget http://dev.mysql.com/get/mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm
  //安装mysql源
  [root@cxr ~]# rpm -ivh mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm

• 然后需要进到https://repo.mysql.com/yum/mysql-5.7-community/el/7/x86_64/ 在里面下载以下文件

https://repo.mysql.com/yum/mysql-5.7-community/el/7/x86_64/mysql-community-client-5.7.37-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
https://repo.mysql.com/yum/mysql-5.7-community/el/7/x86_64/mysql-community-common-5.7.37-1.el7.x86_64.rpm 
https://repo.mysql.com/yum/mysql-5.7-community/el/7/x86_64/mysql-community-devel-5.7.371.el7.x86_64.rpm 
https://repo.mysql.com/yum/mysql-5.7-community/el/7/x86_64/mysql-community-libs-5.7.37-1.el7.x86_64.rpm 
https://repo.mysql.com/yum/mysql-5.7-community/el/7/x86_64/mysql-community-server-5.7.371.el7.x86_64.rpm

• 用wget命令将它们下载到我们的虚拟机上

[root@cxr ~]# wget https://repo.mysql.com/yum/mysql-5.7-community/el/7/x86_64/mysql-community-client-5.7.37-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
https://repo.mysql.com/yum/mysql-5.7-community/el/7/x86_64/mysql-community-common-5.7.37-1.el7.x86_64.rpm 
https://repo.mysql.com/yum/mysql-5.7-community/el/7/x86_64/mysql-community-devel-5.7.37-1.el7.x86_64.rpm 
https://repo.mysql.com/yum/mysql-5.7-community/el/7/x86_64/mysql-community-libs-5.7.37-1.el7.x86_64.rpm 
https://repo.mysql.com/yum/mysql-5.7-community/el/7/x86_64/mysql-community-server-5.7.37-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
[root@cxr ~]# dnf -y install *.rpm    //安装当前目录下的所有rpm包
已安装:
  mysql-community-client-5.7.37-1.el7.x86_64     mysql-community-common-5.7.37-1.el7.x86_64        mysql-community-devel-5.7.37-1.el7.x86_64     mysql-community-libs-5.7.37-1.el7.x86_64    
  mysql-community-server-5.7.37-1.el7.x86_64     ncurses-compat-libs-6.1-7.20180224.el8.x86_64    

完毕！    //安装过程省略一部分

• 设置MySQL开机自启

[root@cxr ~]# systemctl enable --now mysqld
[root@cxr ~]# systemctl status mysqld.service 
● mysqld.service - MySQL Server
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/mysqld.service; enabled; vendor preset: d>
   Active: active (running) since Mon 2022-04-18 05:52:34 EDT; 11s ago
     Docs: man:mysqld(8)
           http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html
  Process: 110813 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/mysqld --daemonize --pid-file=/var/run/mysqld/>
  Process: 110551 ExecStartPre=/usr/bin/mysqld_pre_systemd (code=exited, status=0/SU>
 Main PID: 110815 (mysqld)
    Tasks: 27 (limit: 23648)
   Memory: 338.1M
   CGroup: /system.slice/mysqld.service
           └─110815 /usr/sbin/mysqld --daemonize --pid-file=/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.p>

4月 18 05:52:27 cxr.example.com systemd[1]: Starting MySQL Server...
4月 18 05:52:34 cxr.example.com systemd[1]: Started MySQL Server.

[root@cxr ~]# ss -antl   //查看一下没有3306端口
State      Recv-Q     Send-Q         Local Address:Port         Peer Address:Port    
LISTEN     0          128                  0.0.0.0:111               0.0.0.0:*       
LISTEN     0          32             192.168.122.1:53                0.0.0.0:*       
LISTEN     0          128                  0.0.0.0:22                0.0.0.0:*       
LISTEN     0          5                  127.0.0.1:631               0.0.0.0:*       
LISTEN     0          80                         *:3306                    *:*       
LISTEN     0          128                     [::]:111                  [::]:*       
LISTEN     0          128                     [::]:22                   [::]:*       
LISTEN     0          5                      [::1]:631                  [::]:*    

• 在日志文件中找到临时密码

[root@cxr ~]# grep 'password' /var/log/mysqld.log 
2022-04-18T09:52:31.392560Z 1 [Note] A temporary password is generated for root@localhost: 
i69>zkxu0q,D         //这里的密码每个用户都是不一样的

• 使用临时密码登录到MySQL

[root@cxr ~]# mysql -uroot -p"i69>zkxu0q,D"
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 2
Server version: 5.7.37

Copyright (c) 2000, 2022, Oracle and/or its affiliates.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql> set password = password('Cxr1234!');       //进来第一步先改密码，否则会导致无法登录
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.01 sec)      //显示这样就表示已经成功

mysql> quit     退出MySQL     
Bye

[root@cxr ~]# rpm -e mysql57-community-release    //卸载掉最开始装的源，以防自动更新到最新版本

• 在开启一台虚拟机一个当客户端，一个当服务端。

[root@cxr ~]# mysql -uroot -p     //使用root管理员进入到MySQL
Enter password:            //输入刚才修改的密码
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 3
Server version: 5.7.37 MySQL Community Server (GPL)

Copyright (c) 2000, 2022, Oracle and/or its affiliates.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql> GRANT all ON *.* TO'root'@'192.168.106.15' IDENTIFIED BY 'Cxr1234!';   //给客户端设置权限
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

mysql> flush privileges
    -> ;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> flush privileges;    //刷新一下
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> GRANT all ON *.* TO'root'@'192.168.106.18' IDENTIFIED BY 'Cxr1234!';    //给服务端设置权限
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

mysql> flush privileges;    //刷新一下
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> quit
Bye
[root@cxr ~]# systemctl disable --now firewalld.service 
Removed /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/firewalld.service.
Removed /etc/systemd/system/dbus-org.fedoraproject.FirewallD1.service.

• 用客户机访问服务机的mysql

[root@cxr ~]# mysql -uroot -p -h192.168.106.18
Enter password:        //输入密码
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 4
Server version: 5.7.37 MySQL Community Server (GPL)

Copyright (c) 2000, 2022, Oracle and/or its affiliates.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql> 

• 用Navicat 和虚拟机相连

[root@cxr ~]# mysql -uroot -p'Cxr1234!'
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 7
Server version: 5.7.37 MySQL Community Server (GPL)

Copyright (c) 2000, 2022, Oracle and/or its affiliates.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql> GRANT ALL ON *.* TO 'root'@'192.168.106.1' IDENTIFIED BY 'Cxr1234!';
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

mysql> flush privileges;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> quit
Bye

• 能够远程连接到就说明没有问题了