油管粉丝265万的PROFESSOR DAVE的生态学课程笔记分享！Introduction to ecology（一）

 偶然间发现了这个博主的生态学课程合集，观看了几个视频觉得还不错，决定分享给大家。

Professor Dave 在油管是一个拥有265万粉丝的知识博主。在Carleton College获得了化学学士学位，并在Cal State Northridge获得合成有机化学和科学教育的硕士学位。在此之前，他具有十年高中和本科教学经验，专攻有机化学，但也涉及普通化学、物理和生物学。该频道适用于高中和本科生，但也适用于只想了解世界和事物运作原理的公众。小石头只分享该课程笔记，不作商业用途。有兴趣可以观看该博主的原视频，希望和大家借助他的讲解一起走进生态学这门科学。

      我在观看课程的同时，做了一些笔记，包括一些生态学基础知识和专业单词，自认为观看该视频可以提升自己的英语水平和补习一些生态学基础知识。如果笔记内容有什么不对的地方，敬请大家批评指正！

下面是该课程第一节课介绍部分——Introduction to Ecology

• 生态学是一门研究地球上生物与它们周围环境相互作用的科学。这个环境多种多样，从海洋到森林，从沙漠到高山，无所不包。

• 生态学（ecology）被认为是生物学的一个分支。生态学家研究生物与环境的关系，可以探究个体生物、生物种群或群落、大型生态系统，甚至是整个生物圈，即地球上由生物组成的各个区域。除此之外，还包括基因、植物生理学和动物生理学、生物多样性的保护等领域。

• 地球大气层(atmosphere)、岩石圈(lithpsphere)、冰冻圈(hydrosphere)和生物圈（biosphere）等等。这些层次相互作用，相互影响。我们越了解各层次内的相互作用，有助于理解它们如何构建整个系统。

岩石圈决定了有多少土地可供生物体居住，以及该土地的地理位置

• 而生态学并不仅限于自然环境，比如厨房或浴室的霉菌(mold)，甚至你运动时可能遇到的运动员足癣(foot fungus)，都是生态学研究对象。

• 影响生物分布的因素既可以是生物性的，也可以是非生物性的。生物性因素（biotic factors）包括动植物、细菌和真菌等生物，比如运动员足癣就是由于水分引发的。而水分的可用性则是一种非生物性因素（abiotic factors），也就是无机的物理或化学因素，它们同样影响生态系统的平衡。

• 在生态学中，我们可以从不同的层面来研究生物和环境的关系。从个体(organism)生物如一棵松树，到种群(population)（生活在同一地区的相同物种的群体，比如同一区域的所有松树），再到群落(community)（生活在一定区域内不同物种的所有种群，包括其他植物、动物和细菌），再到生态系统（包括特定区域内的所有生物和影响它们的所有非生物因素，如土壤、阳光和湿度），最终扩展到整个地球生态系统，也就是生物圈。

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原文

Together on this channel we have begun to learn a lot about living organisms. We learned about  tiny microorganisms in the microbiology series.  We learned about plants in the botanyseries,  mushrooms in the mycology series, and animals  in the zoology series. We’ve begun to learn about the Earth itself in the geology series. But what if we wish to consider all of these things at once? Then we would be studying ecology. Ecology is a science that describes how the organisms that populate this planet interact with each other and their physical environments. These environments vary, depending  on where we are – from the oceans to the forests,  and from the deserts to the mountains. 

The scientists who study these relationships between organisms and their environments are called ecologists, and ecology itself is considered a branch of biology. This field is incredibly broad in scale, as ecologists can choose to study the individual organism itself, populations or communities of organisms, large ecosystems,  or even the entire biosphere as a whole, which is a word that refers to the regions of the planet occupied by living organisms.They can specialize even further, focusing on genetics, plant and animal physiology, biodiversity, or conservation. As we are beginning to understand, the Earth can be broken down into distinct “spheres”, such as the atmosphere, lithosphere, cryosphere, and biosphere. We define the atmosphere as an envelope of gases surrounding the planet, making it  habitable for life. The lithosphere is the rigid  outer part of the earth consisting of the crust  and upper mantle. Over geologic time scales, the  lithosphere determines how much land is available for living organisms to inhabit and where that  land is located geographically. The cryosphere is the part of Earth’s surface characterized by frozen water. Its expanse changes over time and this is an important factor in maintaining  a habitable climate. And then the biospherewe described a moment ago. These spheres are dynamic and can influence one another, so the better  we understand interactions within individual  spheres, the more equipped we are to understand how they all work together, as an entire system.

But let’s zoom back in for a moment. Within any  given physical environment, ecologists seek to study both the types of organisms present and their abundance. By monitoring these  factors over time, ecologists can track  the general trends and well-being of the  ecosystem. For example, as climate changes,  the numbers and types of organisms may change too, in order to adapt to changing conditions.  This might result in a positive or negative change depending on the species, and as a whole,  the ecosystem could be accordingly fortified  or placed in jeopardy. 

The more we know and  understand about interactions between organisms  and their environments, the better we will be able to address any consequences that arise. Ecology does not encompass only the outdoors, as  many might assume. What about mold in your kitchen or shower? Or, if you’re an athlete, the dreaded athlete’sfoot fungus that you can pick up in a  locker room? These are also examples of ecology in  action. Factors that can affect the distribution of organisms can be biotic or abiotic in nature.  Biotic refers to the living factors, which can  include animals, plants, bacteria and fungi – like the athlete’s foot fungus. The fungus is living,  but how did it grow in the first place? Water!  Availability of water is abiotic, or a non-living  factor. These are physical or chemical in nature,  and they also impact an ecosystem. A few other examples include air, soil, and sunlight. Earlier we mentioned the range in scale of  phenomena that ecologists can study.

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生态学单词

microorganisms 微生物

microbiology 微生物学

mycology 真菌学

zoology 动物学

geology 地学、地质学

biology 生物学

organisms 生物体、机体、有机体

individual 个体

population 种群

community 群落

biosphere 生物圈

genetics 遗传学

conversation of biodiversity 生物多样性保护

plant and  animal physiology 植物和动物生理学

atmosphere 大气圈

lithosphere 岩石圈

cryosphere 冰冻圈

biosphere 生物圈

crust  and upper mantle. 地壳和上地幔

未完待续

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视频来源：https://www.youtube.com

来源：Pofessor Dave Explains

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虽然讲的知识是入门级，视频也只有8分钟，但是也花了很多功夫去听原视频和翻译原文，希望大家点个关注咯！