第 24 天
统计数据
统计学是研究数据的收集、组织、显示、分析、解释和呈现的学科。统计学是数学的一个分支，建议作为数据科学和机器学习的先决条件。统计是一个非常广泛的领域，但我们将在本节中只关注最相关的部分。完成此挑战后，您可能会走上 Web 开发、数据分析、机器学习和数据科学的道路。无论您走哪条路，在您职业生涯的某个时刻，您都会获得您可以处理的数据。掌握一些统计知识将帮助您根据数据做出决策，数据如他们所说。
数据
什么是数据？数据是为某种目的（通常是分析）收集和翻译的任何字符集。它可以是任何字符，包括文本和数字、图片、声音或视频。如果数据没有放在上下文中，它对人或计算机没有任何意义。为了从数据中理解我们需要使用不同的工具来处理数据。
数据分析、数据科学或机器学习的工作流程从数据开始。数据可以从某些数据源提供，也可以创建。有结构化和非结构化数据。
数据可以小格式或大格式找到。我们将获得的大多数数据类型已在文件处理部分进行了介绍。
统计模块
Python statistics模块提供了计算数值数据数理统计的函数。该模块无意成为第三方库（例如 NumPy、SciPy）或针对专业统计学家（例如 Minitab、SAS 和 Matlab）的专有全功能统计包的竞争对手。它针对的是绘图和科学计算器级别。
NumPy
在第一部分中，我们将 Python 定义为一种强大的通用编程语言，但在其他流行库（如 numpy、scipy、matplotlib、pandas 等）的帮助下，它成为了一个强大的科学计算环境。
NumPy 是 Python 科学计算的核心库。它提供了一个高性能的多维数组对象，以及用于处理数组的工具。
到目前为止，我们一直在使用 vscode，但从现在开始我建议使用 Jupyter Notebook。要访问 jupyter notebook，让我们安装anaconda。如果您使用的是 anaconda，则大多数常用包都包含在内，如果您安装了 anaconda，则没有安装包。
asabeneh@Asabeneh:~/Desktop/30DaysOfPython$ pip install numpy导入NumPy
# How to import numpy
import numpy as np
# How to check the version of the numpy package
print('numpy:', np.__version__)
# Checking the available methods
print(dir(np))使用创建numpy数组
创建int numpy 数组
# Creating python List
python_list = [1,2,3,4,5]
# Checking data types
print('Type:', type (python_list)) # <class 'list'>
#
print(python_list) # [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
two_dimensional_list = [[0,1,2], [3,4,5], [6,7,8]]
print(two_dimensional_list) # [[0, 1, 2], [3, 4, 5], [6, 7, 8]]
# Creating Numpy(Numerical Python) array from python list
numpy_array_from_list = np.array(python_list)
print(type (numpy_array_from_list)) # <class 'numpy.ndarray'>
print(numpy_array_from_list) # array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])创建float numpy数组
使用 float 数据类型参数从列表创建 float numpy 数据组
# Python list
python_list = [1,2,3,4,5]
numy_array_from_list2 = np.array(python_list, dtype=float)
print(numy_array_from_list2) # array([1., 2., 3., 4., 5.])创建bool numpy数组
从列表中创建一个bool numpy 数组
numpy_bool_array = np.array([0, 1, -1, 0, 0], dtype=bool)
print(numpy_bool_array) # array([False, True, True, False, False])使用numpy创建多维数组
一个numpy数组可能有一个或多个行和列
two_dimensional_list = [[0,1,2], [3,4,5], [6,7,8]]
numpy_two_dimensional_list = np.array(two_dimensional_list)
print(type (numpy_two_dimensional_list))
print(numpy_two_dimensional_list) <class 'numpy.ndarray'>
[[0 1 2]
[3 4 5]
[6 7 8]]将numpy数组转换为列表
# We can always convert an array back to a python list using tolist().
np_to_list = numpy_array_from_list.tolist()
print(type (np_to_list))
print('one dimensional array:', np_to_list)
print('two dimensional array: ', numpy_two_dimensional_list.tolist()) <class 'list'>
one dimensional array: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
two dimensional array: [[0, 1, 2], [3, 4, 5], [6, 7, 8]]从元组创建numpy数组
# Numpy array from tuple
# Creating tuple in Python
python_tuple = (1,2,3,4,5)
print(type (python_tuple)) # <class 'tuple'>
print('python_tuple: ', python_tuple) # python_tuple: (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
numpy_array_from_tuple = np.array(python_tuple)
print(type (numpy_array_from_tuple)) # <class 'numpy.ndarray'>
print('numpy_array_from_tuple: ', numpy_array_from_tuple) # numpy_array_from_tuple: [1 2 3 4 5]numpy数组的形状
shape 方法以元组的形式提供数组的形状。第一个是行，第二个是列。如果数组只是一维的，它返回数组的大小。
nums = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
print(nums)
print('shape of nums: ', nums.shape)
print(numpy_two_dimensional_list)
print('shape of numpy_two_dimensional_list: ', numpy_two_dimensional_list.shape)
three_by_four_array = np.array([[0, 1, 2, 3],
[4,5,6,7],
[8,9,10, 11]])
print(three_by_four_array.shape) [1 2 3 4 5]
shape of nums: (5,)
[[0 1 2]
[3 4 5]
[6 7 8]]
shape of numpy_two_dimensional_list: (3, 3)
(3, 4)numpy数组的数据类型
数据类型类型：str、int、float、complex、bool、list、None
int_lists = [-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2,3]
int_array = np.array(int_lists)
float_array = np.array(int_lists, dtype=float)
print(int_array)
print(int_array.dtype)
print(float_array)
print(float_array.dtype) [-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3]
int64
[-3. -2. -1. 0. 1. 2. 3.]
float64numpy数组的大小
在 numpy 中要知道 numpy 数组列表中的项目数，我们使用 size
numpy_array_from_list = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
two_dimensional_list = np.array([[0, 1, 2],
[3, 4, 5],
[6, 7, 8]])
print('The size:', numpy_array_from_list.size) # 5
print('The size:', two_dimensional_list.size) # 3
The size: 5
The size: 9使用numpy进行数学运算
NumPy 数组并不完全像 python 列表。要在 Python 列表中进行数学运算，我们必须循环遍历项目，但 numpy 可以允许在不循环的情况下进行任何数学运算。数学运算：
- 加法 (+)
- 减法 (-)
- 乘法 (*)
- 分配 （/）
- 模块 (%)
- 楼层划分(//)
- 指数(**)
加法
# Mathematical Operation
# Addition
numpy_array_from_list = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
print('original array: ', numpy_array_from_list)
ten_plus_original = numpy_array_from_list + 10
print(ten_plus_original)
original array: [1 2 3 4 5]
[11 12 13 14 15]减法
# Subtraction
numpy_array_from_list = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
print('original array: ', numpy_array_from_list)
ten_minus_original = numpy_array_from_list - 10
print(ten_minus_original) original array: [1 2 3 4 5]
[-9 -8 -7 -6 -5]乘法
# Multiplication
numpy_array_from_list = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
print('original array: ', numpy_array_from_list)
ten_times_original = numpy_array_from_list * 10
print(ten_times_original) original array: [1 2 3 4 5]
[10 20 30 40 50]除法
# Division
numpy_array_from_list = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
print('original array: ', numpy_array_from_list)
ten_times_original = numpy_array_from_list / 10
print(ten_times_original) original array: [1 2 3 4 5]
[0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5]模数
# Modulus; Finding the remainder
numpy_array_from_list = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
print('original array: ', numpy_array_from_list)
ten_times_original = numpy_array_from_list % 3
print(ten_times_original) original array: [1 2 3 4 5]
[1 2 0 1 2]没有余数的除法
# Floor division: the division result without the remainder
numpy_array_from_list = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
print('original array: ', numpy_array_from_list)
ten_times_original = numpy_array_from_list // 10
print(ten_times_original)指数型
# Exponential is finding some number the power of another:
numpy_array_from_list = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
print('original array: ', numpy_array_from_list)
ten_times_original = numpy_array_from_list ** 2
print(ten_times_original) original array: [1 2 3 4 5]
[ 1 4 9 16 25]检查数据类型
#Int, Float numbers
numpy_int_arr = np.array([1,2,3,4])
numpy_float_arr = np.array([1.1, 2.0,3.2])
numpy_bool_arr = np.array([-3, -2, 0, 1,2,3], dtype='bool')
print(numpy_int_arr.dtype)
print(numpy_float_arr.dtype)
print(numpy_bool_arr.dtype) int64
float64
bool转换类型
我们可以转换numpy数组的数据类型
- 浮点数
numpy_int_arr = np.array([1,2,3,4], dtype = 'float') numpy_int_arrarray([1., 2., 3., 4.]) - 浮点数到整数
numpy_int_arr = np.array([1., 2., 3., 4.], dtype = 'int') numpy_int_arrarray([1, 2, 3, 4]) - 整数布尔值
np.array([-3, -2, 0, 1,2,3], dtype='bool')array([ True, True, False, True, True, True]) - 整数到海峡
numpy_float_list.astype('int').astype('str')array(['1', '2', '3'], dtype='<U21')
多维数组
# 2 Dimension Array
two_dimension_array = np.array([(1,2,3),(4,5,6), (7,8,9)])
print(type (two_dimension_array))
print(two_dimension_array)
print('Shape: ', two_dimension_array.shape)
print('Size:', two_dimension_array.size)
print('Data type:', two_dimension_array.dtype) <class 'numpy.ndarray'>
[[1 2 3]
[4 5 6]
[7 8 9]]
Shape: (3, 3)
Size: 9
Data type: int64从numpy数组中获取项目
# 2 Dimension Array
two_dimension_array = np.array([[1,2,3],[4,5,6], [7,8,9]])
first_row = two_dimension_array[0]
second_row = two_dimension_array[1]
third_row = two_dimension_array[2]
print('First row:', first_row)
print('Second row:', second_row)
print('Third row: ', third_row) First row: [1 2 3]
Second row: [4 5 6]
Third row: [7 8 9]first_column= two_dimension_array[:,0]
second_column = two_dimension_array[:,1]
third_column = two_dimension_array[:,2]
print('First column:', first_column)
print('Second column:', second_column)
print('Third column: ', third_column)
print(two_dimension_array)
First column: [1 4 7]
Second column: [2 5 8]
Third column: [3 6 9]
[[1 2 3]
[4 5 6]
[7 8 9]]切片numpy数组
numpy 中的切片类似于 python 列表中的切片
two_dimension_array = np.array([[1,2,3],[4,5,6], [7,8,9]])
first_two_rows_and_columns = two_dimension_array[0:2, 0:2]
print(first_two_rows_and_columns) [[1 2]
[4 5]]如何反转行和整个数组
two_dimension_array[::] array([[1, 2, 3],
[4, 5, 6],
[7, 8, 9]])反转行和列的位置
two_dimension_array = np.array([[1,2,3],[4,5,6], [7,8,9]])
two_dimension_array[::-1,::-1] array([[9, 8, 7],
[6, 5, 4],
[3, 2, 1]])如何表示缺失值
print(two_dimension_array)
two_dimension_array[1,1] = 55
two_dimension_array[1,2] =44
print(two_dimension_array) [[1 2 3]
[4 5 6]
[7 8 9]]
[[ 1 2 3]
[ 4 55 44]
[ 7 8 9]] # Numpy Zeroes
# numpy.zeros(shape, dtype=float, order='C')
numpy_zeroes = np.zeros((3,3),dtype=int,order='C')
numpy_zeroes array([[0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0]])# Numpy Zeroes
numpy_ones = np.ones((3,3),dtype=int,order='C')
print(numpy_ones) [[1 1 1]
[1 1 1]
[1 1 1]]twoes = numpy_ones * 2# Reshape
# numpy.reshape(), numpy.flatten()
first_shape = np.array([(1,2,3), (4,5,6)])
print(first_shape)
reshaped = first_shape.reshape(3,2)
print(reshaped)
[[1 2 3]
[4 5 6]]
[[1 2]
[3 4]
[5 6]]flattened = reshaped.flatten()
flattened array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]) ## Horitzontal Stack
np_list_one = np.array([1,2,3])
np_list_two = np.array([4,5,6])
print(np_list_one + np_list_two)
print('Horizontal Append:', np.hstack((np_list_one, np_list_two))) [5 7 9]
Horizontal Append: [1 2 3 4 5 6] ## Vertical Stack
print('Vertical Append:', np.vstack((np_list_one, np_list_two))) Vertical Append: [[1 2 3]
[4 5 6]]生成随机数
# Generate a random float number
random_float = np.random.random()
random_float 0.018929887384753874 # Generate a random float number
random_floats = np.random.random(5)
random_floats array([0.26392192, 0.35842215, 0.87908478, 0.41902195, 0.78926418]) # Generating a random integers between 0 and 10
random_int = np.random.randint(0, 11)
random_int 4 # Generating a random integers between 2 and 11, and creating a one row array
random_int = np.random.randint(2,10, size=4)
random_int array([8, 8, 8, 2]) # Generating a random integers between 0 and 10
random_int = np.random.randint(2,10, size=(3,3))
random_int array([[3, 5, 3],
[7, 3, 6],
[2, 3, 3]])生成随机数
# np.random.normal(mu, sigma, size)
normal_array = np.random.normal(79, 15, 80)
normal_array
array([ 89.49990595, 82.06056961, 107.21445842, 38.69307086,
47.85259157, 93.07381061, 76.40724259, 78.55675184,
72.17358173, 47.9888899 , 65.10370622, 76.29696568,
95.58234254, 68.14897213, 38.75862686, 122.5587927 ,
67.0762565 , 95.73990864, 81.97454563, 92.54264805,
59.37035153, 77.76828101, 52.30752166, 64.43109931,
62.63695351, 90.04616138, 75.70009094, 49.87586877,
80.22002414, 68.56708848, 76.27791052, 67.24343975,
81.86363935, 78.22703433, 102.85737041, 65.15700341,
84.87033426, 76.7569997 , 64.61321853, 67.37244562,
74.4068773 , 58.65119655, 71.66488727, 53.42458179,
70.26872028, 60.96588544, 83.56129414, 72.14255326,
81.00787609, 71.81264853, 72.64168853, 86.56608717,
94.94667321, 82.32676973, 70.5165446 , 85.43061003,
72.45526212, 87.34681775, 87.69911217, 103.02831489,
75.28598596, 67.17806893, 92.41274447, 101.06662611,
87.70013935, 70.73980645, 46.40368207, 50.17947092,
61.75618542, 90.26191397, 78.63968639, 70.84550744,
88.91826581, 103.91474733, 66.3064638 , 79.49726264,
70.81087439, 83.90130623, 87.58555972, 59.95462521])numpy和统计
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import seaborn as sns
sns.set()
plt.hist(normal_array, color="grey", bins=50) (array([2., 0., 0., 0., 1., 2., 2., 0., 2., 0., 0., 1., 2., 2., 1., 4., 3.,
4., 2., 7., 2., 2., 5., 4., 2., 4., 3., 2., 1., 5., 3., 0., 3., 2.,
1., 0., 0., 1., 3., 0., 1., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 1.]),
array([ 38.69307086, 40.37038529, 42.04769973, 43.72501417,
45.4023286 , 47.07964304, 48.75695748, 50.43427191,
52.11158635, 53.78890079, 55.46621523, 57.14352966,
58.8208441 , 60.49815854, 62.17547297, 63.85278741,
65.53010185, 67.20741628, 68.88473072, 70.56204516,
72.23935959, 73.91667403, 75.59398847, 77.27130291,
78.94861734, 80.62593178, 82.30324622, 83.98056065,
85.65787509, 87.33518953, 89.01250396, 90.6898184 ,
92.36713284, 94.04444727, 95.72176171, 97.39907615,
99.07639058, 100.75370502, 102.43101946, 104.1083339 ,
105.78564833, 107.46296277, 109.14027721, 110.81759164,
112.49490608, 114.17222052, 115.84953495, 117.52684939,
119.20416383, 120.88147826, 122.5587927 ]),
<a list of 50 Patch objects>)numpy中的矩阵
four_by_four_matrix = np.matrix(np.ones((4,4), dtype=float))four_by_four_matrixmatrix([[1., 1., 1., 1.],
[1., 1., 1., 1.],
[1., 1., 1., 1.],
[1., 1., 1., 1.]])np.asarray(four_by_four_matrix)[2] = 2
four_by_four_matrix
matrix([[1., 1., 1., 1.],
[1., 1., 1., 1.],
[2., 2., 2., 2.],
[1., 1., 1., 1.]])numpy的numpy.arange()
什么是arrange
有时，您希望创建在定义的间隔内均匀分布的值。例如，您想创建从 1 到 10 的值；你可以使用 numpy.arange() 函数
# creating list using range(starting, stop, step)
lst = range(0, 11, 2)
lstrange(0, 11, 2)for l in lst:
print(l) 2
4
6
8
10# Similar to range arange numpy.arange(start, stop, step)
whole_numbers = np.arange(0, 20, 1)
whole_numbersarray([ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16,
17, 18, 19])natural_numbers = np.arange(1, 20, 1)
natural_numbersodd_numbers = np.arange(1, 20, 2)
odd_numbers array([ 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19])even_numbers = np.arange(2, 20, 2)
even_numbers array([ 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18])使用linspace创建数字序列
# numpy.linspace()
# numpy.logspace() in Python with Example
# For instance, it can be used to create 10 values from 1 to 5 evenly spaced.
np.linspace(1.0, 5.0, num=10) array([1. , 1.44444444, 1.88888889, 2.33333333, 2.77777778,
3.22222222, 3.66666667, 4.11111111, 4.55555556, 5. ])# not to include the last value in the interval
np.linspace(1.0, 5.0, num=5, endpoint=False)array([1. , 1.8, 2.6, 3.4, 4.2])# LogSpace
# LogSpace returns even spaced numbers on a log scale. Logspace has the same parameters as np.linspace.
# Syntax:
# numpy.logspace(start, stop, num, endpoint)
np.logspace(2, 4.0, num=4)
array([ 100. , 464.15888336, 2154.43469003, 10000. ])# to check the size of an array
x = np.array([1,2,3], dtype=np.complex128)x array([1.+0.j, 2.+0.j, 3.+0.j])x.itemsize16# indexing and Slicing NumPy Arrays in Python
np_list = np.array([(1,2,3), (4,5,6)])
np_list
array([[1, 2, 3],
[4, 5, 6]])print('First row: ', np_list[0])
print('Second row: ', np_list[1])
First row: [1 2 3]
Second row: [4 5 6]print('First column: ', np_list[:,0])
print('Second column: ', np_list[:,1])
print('Third column: ', np_list[:,2])
First column: [1 4]
Second column: [2 5]
Third column: [3 6]NumPy统计函数示例
NumPy 具有非常有用的统计函数，用于从数组中的给定元素中查找最小值、最大值、平均值、中值、百分位数、标准差和方差等。这些功能解释如下 - 统计功能 Numpy 配备了强大的统计功能，如下所列
- 函数
- 最小 np.min()
- 最大 np.max()
- 均值 np.mean()
- 中位数 np.median()
- 方差
- 百分位数
- 标准差 np.std()
np_normal_dis = np.random.normal(5, 0.5, 100) np_normal_dis ## min, max, mean, median, sd print('min: ', two_dimension_array.min()) print('max: ', two_dimension_array.max()) print('mean: ',two_dimension_array.mean()) # print('median: ', two_dimension_array.median()) print('sd: ', two_dimension_array.std())min: 1 max: 55 mean: 14.777777777777779 sd: 18.913709183069525min: 1 max: 55 mean: 14.777777777777779 sd: 18.913709183069525print(two_dimension_array) print('Column with minimum: ', np.amin(two_dimension_array,axis=0)) print('Column with maximum: ', np.amax(two_dimension_array,axis=0)) print('=== Row ==') print('Row with minimum: ', np.amin(two_dimension_array,axis=1)) print('Row with maximum: ', np.amax(two_dimension_array,axis=1))[[ 1 2 3] [ 4 55 44] [ 7 8 9]] Column with minimum: [1 2 3] Column with maximum: [ 7 55 44] === Row == Row with minimum: [1 4 7] Row with maximum: [ 3 55 9]如何创建重复序列
a = [1,2,3] # Repeat whole of 'a' two times print('Tile: ', np.tile(a, 2)) # Repeat each element of 'a' two times print('Repeat: ', np.repeat(a, 2))Tile: [1 2 3 1 2 3] Repeat: [1 1 2 2 3 3]如何产生随机数
# One random number between [0,1) one_random_num = np.random.random() one_random_in = np.random print(one_random_num)0.61494032826782130.47639681337904380.4763968133790438# Random numbers between [0,1) of shape 2,3 r = np.random.random(size=[2,3]) print(r)[[0.13031737 0.4429537 0.1129527 ] [0.76811539 0.88256594 0.6754075 ]]print(np.random.choice(['a', 'e', 'i', 'o', 'u'], size=10))['u' 'o' 'o' 'i' 'e' 'e' 'u' 'o' 'u' 'a']['i' 'u' 'e' 'o' 'a' 'i' 'e' 'u' 'o' 'i']['iueoaieuoi']## Random numbers between [0, 1] of shape 2, 2 rand = np.random.rand(2,2) randarray([[0.97992598, 0.79642484], [0.65263629, 0.55763145]])rand2 = np.random.randn(2,2) rand2array([[ 1.65593322, -0.52326621], [ 0.39071179, -2.03649407]])# Random integers between [0, 10) of shape 2,5 rand_int = np.random.randint(0, 10, size=[5,3]) rand_intarray([[0, 7, 5], [4, 1, 4], [3, 5, 3], [4, 3, 8], [4, 6, 7]])from scipy import stats np_normal_dis = np.random.normal(5, 0.5, 1000) # mean, standard deviation, number of samples np_normal_dis ## min, max, mean, median, sd print('min: ', np.min(np_normal_dis)) print('max: ', np.max(np_normal_dis)) print('mean: ', np.mean(np_normal_dis)) print('median: ', np.median(np_normal_dis)) print('mode: ', stats.mode(np_normal_dis)) print('sd: ', np.std(np_normal_dis))min: 3.557811005458804 max: 6.876317743643499 mean: 5.035832048106663 median: 5.020161980441937 mode: ModeResult(mode=array([3.55781101]), count=array([1])) sd: 0.489682424165213plt.hist(np_normal_dis, color="grey", bins=21) plt.show()
# numpy.dot(): Dot Product in Python using Numpy # Dot Product # Numpy is powerful library for matrices computation. For instance, you can compute the dot product with np.dot # Syntax # numpy.dot(x, y, out=None)
线性代数
- 点积
## Linear algebra ### Dot product: product of two arrays f = np.array([1,2,3]) g = np.array([4,5,3]) ### 1*4+2*5 + 3*6 np.dot(f, g) # 23
NumPy矩阵乘法与np.matmul()
### Matmul: matruc product of two arrays
h = [[1,2],[3,4]]
i = [[5,6],[7,8]]
### 1*5+2*7 = 19
np.matmul(h, i) array([[19, 22],
[43, 50]])
## Determinant 2*2 matrix
### 5*8-7*6np.linalg.det(i)np.linalg.det(i)-1.999999999999999Z = np.zeros((8,8))
Z[1::2,::2] = 1
Z[::2,1::2] = 1Zarray([[0., 1., 0., 1., 0., 1., 0., 1.],
[1., 0., 1., 0., 1., 0., 1., 0.],
[0., 1., 0., 1., 0., 1., 0., 1.],
[1., 0., 1., 0., 1., 0., 1., 0.],
[0., 1., 0., 1., 0., 1., 0., 1.],
[1., 0., 1., 0., 1., 0., 1., 0.],
[0., 1., 0., 1., 0., 1., 0., 1.],
[1., 0., 1., 0., 1., 0., 1., 0.]])new_list = [ x + 2 for x in range(0, 11)]new_list[2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12][2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12][2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]np_arr = np.array(range(0, 11))
np_arr + 2阵列（[2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12]）
对于具有线性关系的数量，我们使用线性方程。让我们看看下面的例子：
temp = np.array([1,2,3,4,5])
pressure = temp * 2 + 5
pressure数组([ 7, 9, 11, 13, 15])
plt.plot(temp,pressure)
plt.xlabel('Temperature in oC')
plt.ylabel('Pressure in atm')
plt.title('Temperature vs Pressure')
plt.xticks(np.arange(0, 6, step=0.5))
plt.show()
使用 numpy 绘制高斯正态分布。如下所示，numpy 可以生成随机数。要创建随机样本，我们需要均值（mu）、sigma（标准差）、数据点数。
mu = 28
sigma = 15
samples = 100000
x = np.random.normal(mu, sigma, samples)
ax = sns.distplot(x);
ax.set(xlabel="x", ylabel='y')
plt.show()
总而言之，与 python 列表的主要区别是：
- 数组支持向量化操作，而列表不支持。
- 一旦创建了一个数组，就不能改变它的大小。您将必须创建一个新数组或覆盖现有数组。
- 每个数组都有一个且只有一个数据类型。其中的所有项目都应该属于该数据类型。
- 等效的 numpy 数组占用的空间比 python 列表列表少得多。
- numpy 数组支持布尔索引。
练习： 第 24 天
- 重复所有的例子
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