37. 解数独

编写一个程序，通过填充空格来解决数独问题。

数独的解法需 遵循如下规则：

1. 数字 1-9 在每一行只能出现一次。
2. 数字 1-9 在每一列只能出现一次。
3. 数字 1-9 在每一个以粗实线分隔的 3x3 宫内只能出现一次。（请参考示例图）

数独部分空格内已填入了数字，空白格用 '.' 表示。

示例 1：

输入：board = [["5","3",".",".","7",".",".",".","."],["6",".",".","1","9","5",".",".","."],[".","9","8",".",".",".",".","6","."],["8",".",".",".","6",".",".",".","3"],["4",".",".","8",".","3",".",".","1"],["7",".",".",".","2",".",".",".","6"],[".","6",".",".",".",".","2","8","."],[".",".",".","4","1","9",".",".","5"],[".",".",".",".","8",".",".","7","9"]]
输出：[["5","3","4","6","7","8","9","1","2"],["6","7","2","1","9","5","3","4","8"],["1","9","8","3","4","2","5","6","7"],["8","5","9","7","6","1","4","2","3"],["4","2","6","8","5","3","7","9","1"],["7","1","3","9","2","4","8","5","6"],["9","6","1","5","3","7","2","8","4"],["2","8","7","4","1","9","6","3","5"],["3","4","5","2","8","6","1","7","9"]]
解释：输入的数独如上图所示，唯一有效的解决方案如下所示：

class Solution {
public:
    bool isValid(int row, int col, char val, vector<vector<char>>& board){
        for (int i = 0; i < 9; i++){
            if (board[row][i] == val)
                return false;//行
        }
        for (int i = 0; i < 9; i++){
            if (board[i][col] == val)
                return false;//列
        }
        int startR = (row / 3) * 3;
        int startC = (col / 3) * 3;
        for (int i = startR; i < startR + 3; i++){
            for (int j = startC; j < startC + 3; j++){
                if (board[i][j] == val)
                    return false;
            }
        }
        return true;
}
    bool backtracking(vector<vector<char>>& board) {
    for (int i = 0; i < board.size(); i++) {        // 遍历行
        for (int j = 0; j < board[0].size(); j++) { // 遍历列
            if (board[i][j] == '.') {
                for (char k = '1'; k <= '9'; k++) {     // (i, j) 这个位置放k是否合适
                    if (isValid(i, j, k, board)) {
                        board[i][j] = k;                // 放置k
                        if (backtracking(board)) return true; // 如果找到合适一组立刻返回
                        board[i][j] = '.';              // 回溯，撤销k
                    }
                }
                return false;  // 9个数都试完了，都不行，那么就返回false
            }
        }
    }
    return true; // 遍历完没有返回false，说明找到了合适棋盘位置了
}
    void solveSudoku(vector<vector<char>>& board) {
        backtracking(board);
    }
};

 

回溯三部曲：

递归函数参数：

解数独找到一个符合的条件（就在树的叶子节点上）立刻就返回，相当于找从根节点到叶子节点一条唯一路径，所以需要使用bool返回值。

递归终止条件：

本题递归不用终止条件，解数独是要遍历整个树形结构寻找可能的叶子节点就立刻返回。

不用终止条件会不会死循环？

递归的下一层的棋盘一定比上一层的棋盘多一个数，等数填满了棋盘自然就终止（填满当然好了，说明找到结果了），所以不需要终止条件！

递归单层搜索逻辑：

一个for循环遍历棋盘的行，一个for循环遍历棋盘的列，一行一列确定下来之后，递归遍历这个位置放9个数字的可能性！

注意这里return false的地方，

因为如果一行一列确定下来了，这里尝试了9个数都不行，说明这个棋盘找不到解决数独问题的解！

那么会直接返回， 这也就是为什么没有终止条件也不会永远填不满棋盘而无限递归下去！

判断棋盘是否合法

判断棋盘是否合法有如下三个维度：

• 同行是否重复
• 同列是否重复
• 9宫格里是否重复
• 参考代码随想录 (programmercarl.com)