List of trigonometric identities

In trigonometry, trigonometric identities are equalities that involve trigonometric functions and are true for every value of the occurring variables for which both sides of the equality are defined. Geometrically, these are identities involving certain functions of one or more angles. They are distinct from triangle identities, which are identities potentially involving angles but also involving side lengths or other lengths of a triangle.

These identities are useful whenever expressions involving trigonometric functions need to be simplified. An important application is the integration of non-trigonometric functions: a common technique involves first using the substitution rule with a trigonometric function, and then simplifying the resulting integral with a trigonometric identity.

1 Pythagorean identities

2 Reflections, shifts, and periodicity

2.1 Reflections

2.2 Shifts and periodicity

2.3 Signs

3 Angle sum and difference identities

3.1 Sines and cosines of sums of infinitely many angles

3.2 Tangents and cotangents of sums

3.3 Secants and cosecants of sums

3.4 Ptolemy’s theorem

4 Multiple-angle formulae

4.1 Multiple-angle formulae

4.1.1 Double-angle formulae

4.1.2 Triple-angle formulae

4.1.3 Multiple-angle and half-angle formulae

4.1.4 Chebyshev method

4.2 Half-angle formulae

4.3 Table

5 Power-reduction formulae

6 Product-to-sum and sum-to-product identities

6.1 Hermite’s cotangent identity

6.2 Finite products of trigonometric functions

7 Linear combinations

7.1 Sine and cosine

7.2 Arbitrary phase shift

7.3 More than two sinusoids

8 Lagrange’s trigonometric identities

9 Certain linear fractional transformations

10 Relation to the complex exponential function

11 Infinite product formulae

12 Inverse trigonometric functions

13 Identities without variables

13.1 Computing π

13.2 An identity of Euclid

14 Composition of trigonometric functions

15 Further “conditional” identities for the case α + β + γ = 180°

16 Historical shorthands

17 Miscellaneous

17.1 Relationship between all trigonometric ratios

17.2 Dirichlet kernel

17.3 Tangent half-angle substitution

17.4 Viète’s infinite product

18 See also