docker容器网络

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已于 2022-05-03 22:55:04 修改

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文章标签： linux docker

于 2022-04-28 22:47:50 首次发布

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/qq_69041923/article/details/124485547

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docker容器网络

Docker在安装后自动提供3种网络，可以使用docker network ls命令查看

[root@localhost ~]# docker network ls
NETWORK ID     NAME      DRIVER    SCOPE
c61f26148083   bridge    bridge    local
9826f30fed0c   host      host      local
354f76989df1   none      null      local

Docker使用Linux桥接，在宿主机虚拟一个Docker容器网桥(docker0)，Docker启动一个容器时会根据Docker网桥的网段分配给容器一个IP地址，称为Container-IP，同时Docker网桥是每个容器的默认网关。因为在同一宿主机内的容器都接入同一个网桥，这样容器之间就能够通过容器的Container-IP直接通信。

Container-IP 容器IP
这里的Docker容器网桥就相当于交换机

docker的4种网络模式

网络模式	配置	说明
host	–network host	容器和宿主机共享Network namespace
container	–network container:NAME_OR_ID	容器和另外一个容器共享Network namespace
none（孤岛模式）	–network none	容器有独立的Network namespace，但并没有对其进行任何网络设置，如分配veth pair 和网桥连接，配置IP等
bridge	–network bridge	默认模式

bridge模式

当Docker进程启动时，会在主机上创建一个名为docker0的虚拟网桥，此主机上启动的Docker容器会连接到这个虚拟网桥上。虚拟网桥的工作方式和物理交换机类似，这样主机上的所有容器就通过交换机连在了一个二层网络中。

从docker0子网中分配一个IP给容器使用，并设置docker0的IP地址为容器的默认网关。在主机上创建一对虚拟网卡veth pair设备，Docker将veth pair设备的一端放在新创建的容器中，并命名为eth0（容器的网卡），另一端放在主机中，以vethxxx这样类似的名字命名，并将这个网络设备加入到docker0网桥中。可以通过brctl show命令查看。

因为brctl这个命令默认没有，所以要先装：
[root@localhost ~]# dnf provides *bin/brctl
[root@localhost ~]# dnf -y install bridge-utils
[root@localhost ~]# brctl show
bridge name	bridge id		STP enabled	interfaces
docker0		8000.0242f49bde38	no		
stp生成树协议

[root@localhost ~]# docker run -it --rm busybox /bin/sh
[root@localhost ~]# brctl show
bridge name	bridge id		STP enabled	interfaces
docker0		8000.0242f49bde38	no		veth7da6f94

bridge模式是docker的默认网络模式，不写–network参数，就是bridge模式。使用docker run -p时，docker实际是在iptables做了DNAT规则，实现端口转发功能。可以使用iptables -t nat -vnL查看。

[root@localhost ~]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND   CREATED   STATUS    PORTS     NAMES
[root@localhost ~]# docker run -d --name web -p 8080:80 httpd
......
66b82a8a68fac4547aa4e311d85c34a1e59d516d14860e70cd0ec6b360917843
[root@localhost ~]# docker port web
80/tcp -> 0.0.0.0:8080
80/tcp -> :::8080

docker容器网络配置

Network Namespace 网络名称空间

Linux内核实现名称空间的创建

ip netns命令

[root@localhost ~]# ip netns help
Usage:	ip netns list
	ip netns add NAME
	ip netns attach NAME PID
	ip netns set NAME NETNSID
	ip [-all] netns delete [NAME]
	ip netns identify [PID]
	ip netns pids NAME
	ip [-all] netns exec [NAME] cmd ...
	ip netns monitor
	ip netns list-id [target-nsid POSITIVE-INT] [nsid POSITIVE-INT]
NETNSID := auto | POSITIVE-INT

创建Network Namespace

[root@localhost ~]# ip netns list
[root@localhost ~]# ip netns add ns0
[root@localhost ~]# ip netns list
ns0

新创建的 Network Namespace 会出现在/var/run/netns/目录下。
[root@localhost ~]# ls /var/run/netns
ns0

操作Network Namespace

查看新创建 Network Namespace 的网卡信息:

[root@localhost ~]# ip netns exec ns0 ip addr
1: lo: <LOOPBACK> mtu 65536 qdisc noop state DOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00

新创建的Network Namespace中会默认创建一个lo回环网卡，此时网卡处于关闭状态

[root@localhost ~]# ip netns exec ns0 ping 127.0.0.1
connect: Network is unreachable

通过下面的命令启用lo回环网卡：

[root@localhost ~]# ip netns exec ns0 ip link set lo up
[root@localhost ~]# ip netns exec ns0 ping 127.0.0.1
PING 127.0.0.1 (127.0.0.1) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 127.0.0.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.036 ms
64 bytes from 127.0.0.1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.027 ms
......

转移设备

创建veth pair

[root@localhost ~]# ip link add type veth
[root@localhost ~]# ip a
......
4: veth0@veth1: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,M-DOWN> mtu 1500 qdisc noop state DOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/ether ee:df:8c:d7:48:cd brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
5: veth1@veth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,M-DOWN> mtu 1500 qdisc noop state DOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 36:97:02:98:91:7a brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
可以看到新增的两个网卡

可以看到，此时系统中新增了一对veth pair，将veth0和veth1两个虚拟网卡连接了起来，此时这对 veth pair 处于”未启用“状态。

实现Network Namespace间通信

[root@localhost ~]# ip netns add ns1
[root@localhost ~]# ip netns list
ns1
ns0

然后我们将veth0加入到ns0，将veth1加入到ns1

[root@localhost ~]# ip link set veth0 netns ns0
[root@localhost ~]# ip link set veth1 netns ns1

然后我们分别为这对veth pair配置上ip地址，并启用它们

[root@localhost ~]# ip netns exec ns0 ip link set veth0 up
[root@localhost ~]# ip netns exec ns0 ip addr add 192.168.163.1/24 dev veth0
[root@localhost ~]# ip netns exec ns1 ip link set lo up
[root@localhost ~]# ip netns exec ns1 ip link set veth1 up
[root@localhost ~]# ip netns exec ns1 ip addr add 192.168.163.2/24 dev veth1

查看这对veth pair的状态

[root@localhost ~]# ip netns exec ns0 ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
4: veth0@if5: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether ee:df:8c:d7:48:cd brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff link-netns ns1
    inet 10.0.0.1/24 scope global veth0
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet 192.168.163.1/24 scope global veth0
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 fe80::ecdf:8cff:fed7:48cd/64 scope link 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
[root@localhost ~]# ip netns exec ns1 ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
5: veth1@if4: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 36:97:02:98:91:7a brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff link-netns ns0
    inet 192.168.163.2/24 scope global veth1
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 fe80::3497:2ff:fe98:917a/64 scope link 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

从上面可以看出，我们已经成功启用了这个veth pair，并为每个veth设备分配了对应的ip地址。我们尝试在ns1中访问ns0中的ip地址：

[root@localhost ~]# ip netns exec ns1 ping 192.168.163.1
PING 192.168.163.1 (192.168.163.1) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 192.168.163.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.035 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.163.1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.024 ms
......

可以看到，veth pair成功实现了两个不同Network Namespace之间的网络交互。

veth设备重命名

[root@localhost ~]# ip netns exec ns0 ip link set veth0 down
[root@localhost ~]# ip netns exec ns0 ip link set dev veth0 name eth0
[root@localhost ~]# ip netns exec ns0 ifconfig -a
eth0: flags=4098<BROADCAST,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        inet 10.0.0.1  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 0.0.0.0
        ether ee:df:8c:d7:48:cd  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 18  bytes 1412 (1.3 KiB)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 18  bytes 1412 (1.3 KiB)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0
[root@localhost ~]# ip netns exec ns0 ip link set eth0 up

四种网络模式配置

bridge模式配置

[root@localhost ~]# docker run -it --name t1 --rm busybox
/ # ifconfig
eth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 02:42:AC:11:00:03  
          inet addr:172.17.0.3  Bcast:172.17.255.255  Mask:255.255.0.0
          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
          RX packets:7 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 
          RX bytes:586 (586.0 B)  TX bytes:0 (0.0 B)

lo        Link encap:Local Loopback  
          inet addr:127.0.0.1  Mask:255.0.0.0
          UP LOOPBACK RUNNING  MTU:65536  Metric:1
          RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 
          RX bytes:0 (0.0 B)  TX bytes:0 (0.0 B)

none模式配置

[root@localhost ~]# docker run -it --rm --network none busybox
/ # ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
/ # exit

container模式配置

启动第一个容器

[root@localhost ~]# docker run -it --rm --name b1 busybox
/ # ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
24: eth0@if25: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP,M-DOWN> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue 
    link/ether 02:42:ac:11:00:03 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 172.17.0.3/16 brd 172.17.255.255 scope global eth0
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

启动第二个容器

[root@localhost ~]# docker run -it --name b2 --rm busybox
/ # ifconfig
eth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 02:42:AC:11:00:02  
          inet addr:172.17.0.2  Bcast:172.17.255.255  Mask:255.255.0.0
          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
          RX packets:7 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 
          RX bytes:586 (586.0 B)  TX bytes:0 (0.0 B)

lo        Link encap:Local Loopback  
          inet addr:127.0.0.1  Mask:255.0.0.0
          UP LOOPBACK RUNNING  MTU:65536  Metric:1
          RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 
          RX bytes:0 (0.0 B)  TX bytes:0 (0.0 B)

host模式配置

启动容器时直接指明模式为host

[root@localhost ~]# docker run -it --rm --network host busybox
/ # ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: ens160: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:a0:82:df brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 192.168.163.132/24 brd 192.168.163.255 scope global dynamic noprefixroute ens160
       valid_lft 1600sec preferred_lft 1600sec
    inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fea0:82df/64 scope link noprefixroute 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
3: docker0: <NO-CARRIER,BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue 
    link/ether 02:42:f4:9b:de:38 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 172.17.0.1/16 brd 172.17.255.255 scope global docker0
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 fe80::42:f4ff:fe9b:de38/64 scope link 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

容器的常用操作

查看容器的主机名

[root@localhost ~]# docker run -it --rm busybox
/ # hostname
47122cc7f8ab

在容器启动时注入主机名

[root@localhost ~]# docker run -it --rm --hostname node1 busybox
/ # hostname
node1
/ # cat /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1	localhost
::1	localhost ip6-localhost ip6-loopback
fe00::0	ip6-localnet
ff00::0	ip6-mcastprefix
ff02::1	ip6-allnodes
ff02::2	ip6-allrouters
172.17.0.2	node1

手动指定容器要使用的DNS

[root@localhost ~]# docker run -it --rm --hostname node1 --dns 8.8.8.8 busybox
/ # cat /etc/resolv.conf
search localdomain
nameserver 8.8.8.8

手动往/etc/hosts文件中注入主机名到IP地址的映射

[root@localhost ~]# docker run -it --rm --hostname node2 --add-host node1:172.17.0.2 busybox
/ # cat /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1	localhost
::1	localhost ip6-localhost ip6-loopback
fe00::0	ip6-localnet
ff00::0	ip6-mcastprefix
ff02::1	ip6-allnodes
ff02::2	ip6-allrouters
172.17.0.2	node1
172.17.0.3	node2