opengl-模型加载

模型加载库

一个非常流行的模型导入库是 Assimp，它是 Open Asset Import Library（开放的资产导入库）的缩写

** Assimp数据结构的（简化）模型如下 **

网格

OpenGL中定义一个顶点,
每个顶点包含一个位置向量、一个法向量和一个纹理坐标向量

struct Vertex {
    glm::vec3 Position;
    glm::vec3 Normal;
    glm::vec2 TexCoords;
};

纹理数据,储存了纹理的id以及它的类型，比如是漫反射贴图或者是镜面光贴图

struct Texture {
    unsigned int id;
    string type;
};

网格类的结构

class Mesh {
    public:
        /*  网格数据  */
        vector<Vertex> vertices;
        vector<unsigned int> indices;
        vector<Texture> textures;
        /*  函数  */
        Mesh(vector<Vertex> vertices, vector<unsigned int> indices, vector<Texture> textures);
        void Draw(Shader shader);
    private:
        /*  渲染数据  */
        unsigned int VAO, VBO, EBO;
        /*  函数  */
        void setupMesh();
};

初始化

void setupMesh()
{
    glGenVertexArrays(1, &VAO);
    glGenBuffers(1, &VBO);
    glGenBuffers(1, &EBO);

    glBindVertexArray(VAO);
    glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO);

    glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vertices.size() * sizeof(Vertex), &vertices[0], GL_STATIC_DRAW);  

    glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, EBO);
    glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, indices.size() * sizeof(unsigned int),
                 &indices[0], GL_STATIC_DRAW);

    // 顶点位置
    glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);   
    glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(Vertex), (void*)0);
    // 顶点法线
    glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);   
    glVertexAttribPointer(1, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(Vertex), (void*)offsetof(Vertex, Normal));
    // 顶点纹理坐标
    glEnableVertexAttribArray(2);   
    glVertexAttribPointer(2, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(Vertex), (void*)offsetof(Vertex, TexCoords));

    glBindVertexArray(0);
}

渲染

设定一个命名标准：每个漫反射纹理被命名为texture_diffuseN，每个镜面光纹理应该被命名为texture_specularN，其中N的范围是1到纹理采样器最大允许的数字。比如说我们对某一个网格有3个漫反射纹理，2个镜面光纹理，它们的纹理采样器应该之后会被调用：

uniform sampler2D texture_diffuse1;
uniform sampler2D texture_diffuse2;
uniform sampler2D texture_diffuse3;
uniform sampler2D texture_specular1;
uniform sampler2D texture_specular2;

渲染代码

void Draw(Shader shader)
{
    unsigned int diffuseNr = 1;
    unsigned int specularNr = 1;
    for(unsigned int i = 0; i < textures.size(); i++)
    {
        glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0 + i); // 在绑定之前激活相应的纹理单元
        // 获取纹理序号（diffuse_textureN 中的 N）
        string number;
        string name = textures[i].type;
        if(name == "texture_diffuse")
            number = std::to_string(diffuseNr++);
        else if(name == "texture_specular")
            number = std::to_string(specularNr++);

        shader.setFloat(("material." + name + number).c_str(), i);
        glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, textures[i].id);
    }
    glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);

    // 绘制网格
    glBindVertexArray(VAO);
    glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, indices.size(), GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0);
    glBindVertexArray(0);
}

模型

** Model类 **

class Model
{
    public:
        /*  函数   */
        Model(char *path)
        {
            loadModel(path);
        }
        void Draw(Shader shader);   
    private:
        /*  模型数据  */
        vector<Mesh> meshes;
        string directory;
        /*  函数   */
        void loadModel(string path);
        void processNode(aiNode *node, const aiScene *scene);
        Mesh processMesh(aiMesh *mesh, const aiScene *scene);
        vector<Texture> loadMaterialTextures(aiMaterial *mat, aiTextureType type,
                                             string typeName);
};

** Draw函数 **

void Draw(Shader shader)
{
    for(unsigned int i = 0; i < meshes.size(); i++)
        meshes[i].Draw(shader);
}

导入3D模型到OpenGL

头文件

#include <assimp/Importer.hpp>
#include <assimp/scene.h>
#include <assimp/postprocess.h>

加载

Assimp::Importer importer;
const aiScene *scene = importer.ReadFile(path, aiProcess_Triangulate | aiProcess_FlipUVs);

void loadModel(string path)
{
    Assimp::Importer import;
    const aiScene *scene = import.ReadFile(path, aiProcess_Triangulate | aiProcess_FlipUVs);    

    if(!scene || scene->mFlags & AI_SCENE_FLAGS_INCOMPLETE || !scene->mRootNode)
    {
        cout << "ERROR::ASSIMP::" << import.GetErrorString() << endl;
        return;
    }
    directory = path.substr(0, path.find_last_of('/'));

    processNode(scene->mRootNode, scene);
}

void processNode(aiNode *node, const aiScene *scene)
{
    // 处理节点所有的网格（如果有的话）
    for(unsigned int i = 0; i < node->mNumMeshes; i++)
    {
        aiMesh *mesh = scene->mMeshes[node->mMeshes[i]];
        meshes.push_back(processMesh(mesh, scene));         
    }
    // 接下来对它的子节点重复这一过程
    for(unsigned int i = 0; i < node->mNumChildren; i++)
    {
        processNode(node->mChildren[i], scene);
    }
}

从Assimp到网格

Mesh processMesh(aiMesh *mesh, const aiScene *scene)
{
    vector<Vertex> vertices;
    vector<unsigned int> indices;
    vector<Texture> textures;

    for(unsigned int i = 0; i < mesh->mNumVertices; i++)
    {
        Vertex vertex;
        // 处理顶点位置、法线和纹理坐标
        ...
        vertices.push_back(vertex);
    }
    // 处理索引
    ...
    // 处理材质
    if(mesh->mMaterialIndex >= 0)
    {
        ...
    }

    return Mesh(vertices, indices, textures);
}

处理网格的过程主要有三部分：获取所有的顶点数据，获取它们的网格索引，并获取相关的材质数据。处理后的数据将会储存在三个vector当中，我们会利用它们构建一个Mesh对象，并返回它到函数的调用者那里

顶点的位置是这样处理的：

glm::vec3 vector;
vector.x = mesh->mVertices[i].x;
vector.y = mesh->mVertices[i].y;
vector.z = mesh->mVertices[i].z;
vertex.Position = vector;

处理法线的步骤也是差不多的：

vector.x = mesh->mNormals[i].x;
vector.y = mesh->mNormals[i].y;
vector.z = mesh->mNormals[i].z;
vertex.Normal = vector;

纹理坐标的处理也大体相似，但Assimp允许一个模型在一个顶点上有最多8个不同的纹理坐标，我们不会用到那么多，我们只关心第一组纹理坐标。我们同样也想检查网格是否真的包含了纹理坐标（可能并不会一直如此）

if(mesh->mTextureCoords[0]) // 网格是否有纹理坐标？
{
    glm::vec2 vec;
    vec.x = mesh->mTextureCoords[0][i].x;
    vec.y = mesh->mTextureCoords[0][i].y;
    vertex.TexCoords = vec;
}
else
    vertex.TexCoords = glm::vec2(0.0f, 0.0f);

索引

Assimp的接口定义了每个网格都有一个面(Face)数组，每个面代表了一个图元，在我们的例子中（由于使用了aiProcess_Triangulate选项）它总是三角形。一个面包含了多个索引，它们定义了在每个图元中，我们应该绘制哪个顶点，并以什么顺序绘制，所以如果我们遍历了所有的面，并储存了面的索引到indices这个vector中就可以了。

for(unsigned int i = 0; i < mesh->mNumFaces; i++)
{
    aiFace face = mesh->mFaces[i];
    for(unsigned int j = 0; j < face.mNumIndices; j++)
        indices.push_back(face.mIndices[j]);
}

材质

if(mesh->mMaterialIndex >= 0)
{
    aiMaterial *material = scene->mMaterials[mesh->mMaterialIndex];
    vector<Texture> diffuseMaps = loadMaterialTextures(material,
                                        aiTextureType_DIFFUSE, "texture_diffuse");
    textures.insert(textures.end(), diffuseMaps.begin(), diffuseMaps.end());
    vector<Texture> specularMaps = loadMaterialTextures(material,
                                        aiTextureType_SPECULAR, "texture_specular");
    textures.insert(textures.end(), specularMaps.begin(), specularMaps.end());
}

vector<Texture> loadMaterialTextures(aiMaterial *mat, aiTextureType type, string typeName)
{
    vector<Texture> textures;
    for(unsigned int i = 0; i < mat->GetTextureCount(type); i++)
    {
        aiString str;
        mat->GetTexture(type, i, &str);
        Texture texture;
        texture.id = TextureFromFile(str.C_Str(), directory);
        texture.type = typeName;
        texture.path = str;
        textures.push_back(texture);
    }
    return textures;
}

重大优化

纹理加载优化

struct Texture {
    unsigned int id;
    string type;
    aiString path;  // 我们储存纹理的路径用于与其它纹理进行比较
};

vector<Texture> textures_loaded;

vector<Texture> loadMaterialTextures(aiMaterial *mat, aiTextureType type, string typeName)
{
    vector<Texture> textures;
    for(unsigned int i = 0; i < mat->GetTextureCount(type); i++)
    {
        aiString str;
        mat->GetTexture(type, i, &str);
        bool skip = false;
        for(unsigned int j = 0; j < textures_loaded.size(); j++)
        {
            if(std::strcmp(textures_loaded[j].path.data(), str.C_Str()) == 0)
            {
                textures.push_back(textures_loaded[j]);
                skip = true; 
                break;
            }
        }
        if(!skip)
        {   // 如果纹理还没有被加载，则加载它
            Texture texture;
            texture.id = TextureFromFile(str.C_Str(), directory);
            texture.type = typeName;
            texture.path = str.C_Str();
            textures.push_back(texture);
            textures_loaded.push_back(texture); // 添加到已加载的纹理中
        }
    }
    return textures;
}