Linux软件更新时遇到的各种问题以及解决办法

一、虚拟机无法更新软件，换源

由于刚装好Ubuntu系统时，Ubuntu自带的软件源文件是国外的，在国内使用网络的时候网速会很慢，这个时候需要对系统中的软件源文件进行更改，改成国内的源。首先对系统的源文件进行备份。源文件存放： /etc/apt/sources.list，然后点击浏览器，搜索“清华源”，将源文件中的内容更换成阿里云的源，再次更新软件列表，更新完成之后，就换源成功了。

如果不成功，使用指令lsb_release -sc和cat /etc/issue查询自己的版本

在官网查询源，替换sources.list文件

 sudo cp /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list.back  #备份
 sudo vim /etc/apt/sources.list  #编辑换源文件

参考源1：

# deb cdrom:[Ubuntu 20.04.1 LTS _Focal Fossa_ - Release amd64 (20200731)]/ focal main restricted

# See http://help.ubuntu.com/community/UpgradeNotes for how to upgrade to
# newer versions of the distribution.
deb http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ focal main restricted
# deb-src http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ focal main restricted

## Major bug fix updates produced after the final release of the
## distribution.
deb http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted
# deb-src http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted

## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu
## team. Also, please note that software in universe WILL NOT receive any
## review or updates from the Ubuntu security team.
deb http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ focal universe
# deb-src http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ focal universe
deb http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates universe
# deb-src http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates universe

## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu 
## team, and may not be under a free licence. Please satisfy yourself as to 
## your rights to use the software. Also, please note that software in 
## multiverse WILL NOT receive any review or updates from the Ubuntu
## security team.
deb http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ focal multiverse
# deb-src http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ focal multiverse
deb http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates multiverse
# deb-src http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates multiverse

## N.B. software from this repository may not have been tested as
## extensively as that contained in the main release, although it includes
## newer versions of some applications which may provide useful features.
## Also, please note that software in backports WILL NOT receive any review
## or updates from the Ubuntu security team.
deb http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse

## Uncomment the following two lines to add software from Canonical's
## 'partner' repository.
## This software is not part of Ubuntu, but is offered by Canonical and the
## respective vendors as a service to Ubuntu users.
# deb http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu focal partner
# deb-src http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu focal partner

deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-security main restricted
# deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-security main restricted
deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-security universe
# deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-security universe
deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-security multiverse
# deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-security multiverse:

参考源2：我的版本是Ubuntu20.04focal，用的下面这个源可行

deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse

deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse

deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse

deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse

## Not recommended
# deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-proposed main restricted universe multiverse

二、出错：E: Malformed entry 1 in list file /etc/apt/sources.list.d/ros-latest.list (Component) E: The list of sources could not be read.

解决办法：
执行：

sudo rm /etc/apt/sources.list.d/ros-latest.list

三、出错：E: Could not get lock /var/lib/apt/lists/lock - open (11: Resource temporarily unavailable)E: Unable to lock directory /var/lib/apt/lists/

解决办法：
执行：

sudo rm /var/lib/apt/lists/lock

四、连环错

首先出现：
E: Could not get lock /var/lib/apt/lists/lock. It is held by process 1308 (packagekitd)
N: Be aware that removing the lock file is not a solution and may break your system.
E: Unable to lock directory /var/lib/apt/lists/

解决方法：

ps afx|grep apt  #看哪些进程存在
sudo kill -9 进程名  #杀掉进程

再次更新时没报这个错，又换了一个：
E: The repository ‘http://ppa.launchpad.net/ubuntu-desktop/ubuntu-make/ubuntu focal Release’ does not have a Release file.
N: Updating from such a repository can’t be done securely, and is therefore disabled by default.
N: See apt-secure(8) manpage for repository creation and user configuration details.

解决办法：

cd /etc/apt/sources.list.d
ls
sudo rm （ls显示的东西）

再更新可行了

五、更新时出错：错误:4 http://packages.ros.org/ros/ubuntu focal InRelease 下列签名无效： EXPKEYSIG F42ED6FBAB17C654 Open Robotics info@osrfoundation.org

输入下列命令，后面的f42…的值要根据你报错的修改

sudo apt-key adv --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-keys F42ED6FBAB17C654