AddressSanitizer 是一个性能非常好的 C/C++ 内存错误探测工具。它由编译器的插桩模块（目前，LLVM 通过）和替换了 malloc 函数的运行时库组成。这个工具可以探测如下这些类型的错误：
- 对堆，栈和全局内存的访问越界（堆缓冲区溢出，栈缓冲区溢出，和全局缓冲区溢出）
- UAP（Use-after-free，悬挂指针的解引用，或者说野指针）
- Use-after-return（无效的栈上内存，运行时标记
ASAN_OPTIONS=detect_stack_use_after_return=1） - Use-After-Scope（作用域外访问，clang 标记 -fsanitize-address-use-after-scope ）
- 内存的重复释放
- 初始化顺序的 bug
- 内存泄漏
这个工具非常快。通常情况下，内存问题探测这类调试工具的引入，会导致原有应用程序运行性能的大幅下降，比如大名鼎鼎的 valgrind 据说会导致应用程序性能下降到正常情况的十几分之一，但引入 AddressSanitizer 只会减慢运行速度的一半。
AddressSanitizer 的使用
自 LLVM 的版本 3.1 和 GCC 的版本 4.8 开始，AddressSanitizer 就是它们的一部分。如果需要的话，也可以从源码编译 AddressSanitizerHowToBuild。
查看自己的 LLVM 版本和 GCC 版本来确认是否内置了对 AddressSanitizer 的支持：
$ clang --version
clang version 3.9.1-4ubuntu3~16.04.2 (tags/RELEASE_391/rc2)
Target: x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
Thread model: posix
InstalledDir: /usr/bin
$ gcc --version
gcc (Ubuntu 5.4.0-6ubuntu1~16.04.10) 5.4.0 20160609
Copyright (C) 2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO
warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
我本地的工具虽然版本比较老，但对 AddressSanitizer 还是支持的。
看一下前面提到的 AddressSanitizer 的运行时库：
$ locate asan
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/5/libasan.a
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/5/libasan.so
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/5/libasan_preinit.o
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/5/32/libasan.a
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/5/32/libasan.so
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/5/32/libasan_preinit.o
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/5/include/sanitizer/asan_interface.h
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/5/x32/libasan.a
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/5/x32/libasan.so
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/5/x32/libasan_preinit.o
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/7/libasan.a
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/7/libasan.so
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/7/libasan_preinit.o
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/7/include/sanitizer/asan_interface.h
/usr/lib/gcc-cross/arm-linux-gnueabihf/5/libasan.a
/usr/lib/gcc-cross/arm-linux-gnueabihf/5/libasan.so
/usr/lib/gcc-cross/arm-linux-gnueabihf/5/libasan_preinit.o
/usr/lib/gcc-cross/arm-linux-gnueabihf/5/include/sanitizer/asan_interface.h
/usr/lib/gcc-cross/arm-linux-gnueabihf/5/sf/libasan.a
/usr/lib/gcc-cross/arm-linux-gnueabihf/5/sf/libasan.so
/usr/lib/gcc-cross/arm-linux-gnueabihf/5/sf/libasan_preinit.o
/usr/lib/llvm-3.9/lib/clang/3.9.1/asan_blacklist.txt
/usr/lib/llvm-3.9/lib/clang/3.9.1/include/sanitizer/asan_interface.h
/usr/lib/llvm-3.9/lib/clang/3.9.1/lib/linux/libclang_rt.asan-i386.a
/usr/lib/llvm-3.9/lib/clang/3.9.1/lib/linux/libclang_rt.asan-i386.so
/usr/lib/llvm-3.9/lib/clang/3.9.1/lib/linux/libclang_rt.asan-i686.a
/usr/lib/llvm-3.9/lib/clang/3.9.1/lib/linux/libclang_rt.asan-i686.so
/usr/lib/llvm-3.9/lib/clang/3.9.1/lib/linux/libclang_rt.asan-preinit-i386.a
/usr/lib/llvm-3.9/lib/clang/3.9.1/lib/linux/libclang_rt.asan-preinit-i686.a
/usr/lib/llvm-3.9/lib/clang/3.9.1/lib/linux/libclang_rt.asan-preinit-x86_64.a
/usr/lib/llvm-3.9/lib/clang/3.9.1/lib/linux/libclang_rt.asan-x86_64.a
/usr/lib/llvm-3.9/lib/clang/3.9.1/lib/linux/libclang_rt.asan-x86_64.a.syms
/usr/lib/llvm-3.9/lib/clang/3.9.1/lib/linux/libclang_rt.asan-x86_64.so
/usr/lib/llvm-3.9/lib/clang/3.9.1/lib/linux/libclang_rt.asan_cxx-i386.a
/usr/lib/llvm-3.9/lib/clang/3.9.1/lib/linux/libclang_rt.asan_cxx-i686.a
/usr/lib/llvm-3.9/lib/clang/3.9.1/lib/linux/libclang_rt.asan_cxx-x86_64.a
/usr/lib/llvm-3.9/lib/clang/3.9.1/lib/linux/libclang_rt.asan_cxx-x86_64.a.syms
/usr/lib/llvm-5.0/lib/clang/5.0.2/asan_blacklist.txt
/usr/lib/llvm-5.0/lib/clang/5.0.2/include/sanitizer/asan_interface.h
/usr/lib/llvm-5.0/lib/clang/5.0.2/lib/linux/libclang_rt.asan-i386.a
/usr/lib/llvm-5.0/lib/clang/5.0.2/lib/linux/libclang_rt.asan-i386.so
/usr/lib/llvm-5.0/lib/clang/5.0.2/lib/linux/libclang_rt.asan-i686.a
/usr/lib/llvm-5.0/lib/clang/5.0.2/lib/linux/libclang_rt.asan-i686.so
/usr/lib/llvm-5.0/lib/clang/5.0.2/lib/linux/libclang_rt.asan-preinit-i386.a
/usr/lib/llvm-5.0/lib/clang/5.0.2/lib/linux/libclang_rt.asan-preinit-i686.a
/usr/lib/llvm-5.0/lib/clang/5.0.2/lib/linux/libclang_rt.asan-preinit-x86_64.a
/usr/lib/llvm-5.0/lib/clang/5.0.2/lib/linux/libclang_rt.asan-x86_64.a
/usr/lib/llvm-5.0/lib/clang/5.0.2/lib/linux/libclang_rt.asan-x86_64.a.syms
/usr/lib/llvm-5.0/lib/clang/5.0.2/lib/linux/libclang_rt.asan-x86_64.so
/usr/lib/llvm-5.0/lib/clang/5.0.2/lib/linux/libclang_rt.asan_cxx-i386.a
/usr/lib/llvm-5.0/lib/clang/5.0.2/lib/linux/libclang_rt.asan_cxx-i686.a
/usr/lib/llvm-5.0/lib/clang/5.0.2/lib/linux/libclang_rt.asan_cxx-x86_64.a
/usr/lib/llvm-5.0/lib/clang/5.0.2/lib/linux/libclang_rt.asan_cxx-x86_64.a.syms
/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libasan.so.2
/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libasan.so.2.0.0
/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libasan.so.4
/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libasan.so.4.0.0
/usr/lib32/libasan.so.2
/usr/lib32/libasan.so.2.0.0
/usr/libx32/libasan.so.2
/usr/libx32/libasan.so.2.0.0
为了使用 AddressSanitizer，需要在使用 GCC 或 Clang 编译链接程序时加上 -fsanitize=address 开关。为了获得合理的性能，可以加上 -O1 或更高。为了在错误信息中获得更友好的栈追踪信息可以加上 -fno-omit-frame-pointer。为了获得完美的栈追踪信息，还可以禁用内联（使用 -O1）和尾调用消除（-fno-optimize-sibling-calls）
下面是一段存在内存访问错误的代码：
// main.cpp
int main(int argc, char **argv) {
int *array = new int[100];
delete [] array;
return array[argc]; // BOOM
}
使用 GCC 编译并运行：
$ gcc -fsanitize=address -fno-omit-frame-pointer -O1 -g -o main main.cpp
$ ./main
=================================================================
==5385==ERROR: AddressSanitizer: heap-use-after-free on address 0x61400000fe44 at pc 0x0000004007d4 bp 0x7ffddf0bafb0 sp 0x7ffddf0bafa0
READ of size 4 at 0x61400000fe44 thread T0
#0 0x4007d3 in main addresssanitizer_demo/main.cpp:4
#1 0x7f297fc2282f in __libc_start_main (/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6+0x2082f)
#2 0x4006b8 in _start (addresssanitizer_demo/main+0x4006b8)
0x61400000fe44 is located 4 bytes inside of 400-byte region [0x61400000fe40,0x61400000ffd0)
freed by thread T0 here:
#0 0x7f2980065caa in operator delete[](void*) (/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libasan.so.2+0x99caa)
#1 0x4007a8 in main /home/hanpfei0306/data/MyProjects/addresssanitizer_demo/main.cpp:3
#2 0x7f297fc2282f in __libc_start_main (/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6+0x2082f)
previously allocated by thread T0 here:
#0 0x7f29800656b2 in operator new[](unsigned long) (/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libasan.so.2+0x996b2)
#1 0x400798 in main /home/hanpfei0306/data/MyProjects/addresssanitizer_demo/main.cpp:2
#2 0x7f297fc2282f in __libc_start_main (/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6+0x2082f)
SUMMARY: AddressSanitizer: heap-use-after-free addresssanitizer_demo/main.cpp:4 main
Shadow bytes around the buggy address:
0x0c287fff9f70: fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa
0x0c287fff9f80: fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa
0x0c287fff9f90: fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa
0x0c287fff9fa0: fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa
0x0c287fff9fb0: fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa
=>0x0c287fff9fc0: fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa[fd]fd fd fd fd fd fd fd
0x0c287fff9fd0: fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd
0x0c287fff9fe0: fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd
0x0c287fff9ff0: fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fa fa fa fa fa fa
0x0c287fffa000: fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa
0x0c287fffa010: fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa
Shadow byte legend (one shadow byte represents 8 application bytes):
Addressable: 00
Partially addressable: 01 02 03 04 05 06 07
Heap left redzone: fa
Heap right redzone: fb
Freed heap region: fd
Stack left redzone: f1
Stack mid redzone: f2
Stack right redzone: f3
Stack partial redzone: f4
Stack after return: f5
Stack use after scope: f8
Global redzone: f9
Global init order: f6
Poisoned by user: f7
Container overflow: fc
Array cookie: ac
Intra object redzone: bb
ASan internal: fe
==5385==ABORTING
AddressSanitizer 在探测到内存错误之后，向 stderr 打印了错误信息并以非 0 值返回码退出。AddressSanitizer 在发现第一个错误时退出程序。这主要是基于如下的设计：
- 这种方法允许 AddressSanitizer 产生更快和更小的生成码（总共 ~5%）。
- 解决 bug 变得无法避免。AddressSanitizer 不产生误报。一旦内存崩溃发生，则程序进入不一致的状态，这可能导致令人费解的结果和潜在的误导性的后续报告。
如果进程运行在沙盒中且运行在 OS X 10.10 或更早的版本上，则需要设置DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES 环境变量并把它指向由编译器打包用于构建可执行文件的 ASan 库。（可以搜索名字中包含 asan 的动态链接库来找到这个库。）如果没有设置环境变量，则进程将试图重新执行。同时记住，当把可执行文件移动到另一台机器时，ASan 库也需要复制过去。
编译时如果遗漏了 -g 参数，导致可执行文件中缺乏调试信息，则探测到内存错误时，AddressSanitizer 吐出来的错误信息中，无法显示具体的出错的代码行，就像下面这样：
$ gcc -fsanitize=address -fno-omit-frame-pointer -O1 -o main main.cpp
$ ./main
=================================================================
==5403==ERROR: AddressSanitizer: heap-use-after-free on address 0x61400000fe44 at pc 0x0000004007d4 bp 0x7ffd981fce20 sp 0x7ffd981fce10
READ of size 4 at 0x61400000fe44 thread T0
#0 0x4007d3 in main (addresssanitizer_demo/main+0x4007d3)
#1 0x7f9de8af482f in __libc_start_main (/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6+0x2082f)
#2 0x4006b8 in _start (addresssanitizer_demo/main+0x4006b8)
0x61400000fe44 is located 4 bytes inside of 400-byte region [0x61400000fe40,0x61400000ffd0)
freed by thread T0 here:
#0 0x7f9de8f37caa in operator delete[](void*) (/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libasan.so.2+0x99caa)
#1 0x4007a8 in main (addresssanitizer_demo/main+0x4007a8)
#2 0x7f9de8af482f in __libc_start_main (/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6+0x2082f)
previously allocated by thread T0 here:
#0 0x7f9de8f376b2 in operator new[](unsigned long) (/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libasan.so.2+0x996b2)
#1 0x400798 in main (addresssanitizer_demo/main+0x400798)
#2 0x7f9de8af482f in __libc_start_main (/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6+0x2082f)
SUMMARY: AddressSanitizer: heap-use-after-free ??:0 main
Shadow bytes around the buggy address:
0x0c287fff9f70: fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa
0x0c287fff9f80: fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa
0x0c287fff9f90: fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa
0x0c287fff9fa0: fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa
0x0c287fff9fb0: fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa
=>0x0c287fff9fc0: fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa[fd]fd fd fd fd fd fd fd
0x0c287fff9fd0: fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd
0x0c287fff9fe0: fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd
0x0c287fff9ff0: fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fa fa fa fa fa fa
0x0c287fffa000: fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa
0x0c287fffa010: fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa
Shadow byte legend (one shadow byte represents 8 application bytes):
Addressable: 00
Partially addressable: 01 02 03 04 05 06 07
Heap left redzone: fa
Heap right redzone: fb
Freed heap region: fd
Stack left redzone: f1
Stack mid redzone: f2
Stack right redzone: f3
Stack partial redzone: f4
Stack after return: f5
Stack use after scope: f8
Global redzone: f9
Global init order: f6
Poisoned by user: f7
Container overflow: fc
Array cookie: ac
Intra object redzone: bb
ASan internal: fe
==5403==ABORTING
上面的 -g 选项也可以用 -ggdb 选项（尽可能的生成 gdb 的可以使用的调试信息）替换。
$ gcc -fsanitize=address -fno-omit-frame-pointer -O1 -ggdb -o main main.cpp
$ ./main
=================================================================
==5495==ERROR: AddressSanitizer: heap-use-after-free on address 0x61400000fe44 at pc 0x0000004007d4 bp 0x7fff7014ca10 sp 0x7fff7014ca00
READ of size 4 at 0x61400000fe44 thread T0
#0 0x4007d3 in main /home/hanpfei0306/data/MyProjects/addresssanitizer_demo/main.cpp:4
#1 0x7fdddb19982f in __libc_start_main (/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6+0x2082f)
#2 0x4006b8 in _start (addresssanitizer_demo/main+0x4006b8)
0x61400000fe44 is located 4 bytes inside of 400-byte region [0x61400000fe40,0x61400000ffd0)
freed by thread T0 here:
#0 0x7fdddb5dccaa in operator delete[](void*) (/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libasan.so.2+0x99caa)
#1 0x4007a8 in main /home/hanpfei0306/data/MyProjects/addresssanitizer_demo/main.cpp:3
#2 0x7fdddb19982f in __libc_start_main (/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6+0x2082f)
previously allocated by thread T0 here:
#0 0x7fdddb5dc6b2 in operator new[](unsigned long) (/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libasan.so.2+0x996b2)
#1 0x400798 in main /home/hanpfei0306/data/MyProjects/addresssanitizer_demo/main.cpp:2
#2 0x7fdddb19982f in __libc_start_main (/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6+0x2082f)
SUMMARY: AddressSanitizer: heap-use-after-free /home/hanpfei0306/data/MyProjects/addresssanitizer_demo/main.cpp:4 main
Shadow bytes around the buggy address:
0x0c287fff9f70: fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa
0x0c287fff9f80: fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa
0x0c287fff9f90: fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa
0x0c287fff9fa0: fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa
0x0c287fff9fb0: fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa
=>0x0c287fff9fc0: fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa[fd]fd fd fd fd fd fd fd
0x0c287fff9fd0: fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd
0x0c287fff9fe0: fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd
0x0c287fff9ff0: fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fa fa fa fa fa fa
0x0c287fffa000: fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa
0x0c287fffa010: fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa
Shadow byte legend (one shadow byte represents 8 application bytes):
Addressable: 00
Partially addressable: 01 02 03 04 05 06 07
Heap left redzone: fa
Heap right redzone: fb
Freed heap region: fd
Stack left redzone: f1
Stack mid redzone: f2
Stack right redzone: f3
Stack partial redzone: f4
Stack after return: f5
Stack use after scope: f8
Global redzone: f9
Global init order: f6
Poisoned by user: f7
Container overflow: fc
Array cookie: ac
Intra object redzone: bb
ASan internal: fe
==5495==ABORTING
使用 LLVM/Clang 编译与上面使用 GCC 编译基本相同：
$ clang++ -fsanitize=address -fno-omit-frame-pointer -O1 -g -o test main.cpp
$ ./test
=================================================================
==5508==ERROR: AddressSanitizer: heap-use-after-free on address 0x61400000fe44 at pc 0x00000050770f bp 0x7ffea20137b0 sp 0x7ffea20137a8
READ of size 4 at 0x61400000fe44 thread T0
#0 0x50770e in main /home/hanpfei0306/data/MyProjects/addresssanitizer_demo/main.cpp:4:10
#1 0x7fdeb802382f in __libc_start_main /build/glibc-Cl5G7W/glibc-2.23/csu/../csu/libc-start.c:291
#2 0x4192b8 in _start (addresssanitizer_demo/test+0x4192b8)
0x61400000fe44 is located 4 bytes inside of 400-byte region [0x61400000fe40,0x61400000ffd0)
freed by thread T0 here:
#0 0x504c20 in operator delete[](void*) (addresssanitizer_demo/test+0x504c20)
#1 0x5076de in main /home/hanpfei0306/data/MyProjects/addresssanitizer_demo/main.cpp:3:3
#2 0x7fdeb802382f in __libc_start_main /build/glibc-Cl5G7W/glibc-2.23/csu/../csu/libc-start.c:291
previously allocated by thread T0 here:
#0 0x5045a0 in operator new[](unsigned long) (addresssanitizer_demo/test+0x5045a0)
#1 0x5076d3 in main /home/hanpfei0306/data/MyProjects/addresssanitizer_demo/main.cpp:2:16
#2 0x7fdeb802382f in __libc_start_main /build/glibc-Cl5G7W/glibc-2.23/csu/../csu/libc-start.c:291
SUMMARY: AddressSanitizer: heap-use-after-free /home/hanpfei0306/data/MyProjects/addresssanitizer_demo/main.cpp:4:10 in main
Shadow bytes around the buggy address:
0x0c287fff9f70: fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa
0x0c287fff9f80: fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa
0x0c287fff9f90: fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa
0x0c287fff9fa0: fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa
0x0c287fff9fb0: fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa
=>0x0c287fff9fc0: fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa[fd]fd fd fd fd fd fd fd
0x0c287fff9fd0: fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd
0x0c287fff9fe0: fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd
0x0c287fff9ff0: fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fa fa fa fa fa fa
0x0c287fffa000: fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa
0x0c287fffa010: fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa
Shadow byte legend (one shadow byte represents 8 application bytes):
Addressable: 00
Partially addressable: 01 02 03 04 05 06 07
Heap left redzone: fa
Heap right redzone: fb
Freed heap region: fd
Stack left redzone: f1
Stack mid redzone: f2
Stack right redzone: f3
Stack partial redzone: f4
Stack after return: f5
Stack use after scope: f8
Global redzone: f9
Global init order: f6
Poisoned by user: f7
Container overflow: fc
Array cookie: ac
Intra object redzone: bb
ASan internal: fe
Left alloca redzone: ca
Right alloca redzone: cb
==5508==ABORTING
可以通过 readelf 看一下 GCC 和 LLVM 生成的可执行文件有什么差别：
# GCC 生成的可执行文件
$ readelf -s -W main | grep asan
Symbol table '.dynsym' contains 15 entries:
Num: Value Size Type Bind Vis Ndx Name
1: 0000000000000000 0 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT UND __asan_report_load4
10: 0000000000400650 0 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT UND __asan_init_v4
44: 0000000000000000 0 FILE LOCAL DEFAULT ABS asan_preinit.cc
57: 0000000000000000 0 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT UND __asan_report_load4
62: 0000000000400650 0 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT UND __asan_init_v4
69: 0000000000600dd0 8 OBJECT GLOBAL HIDDEN 19 __local_asan_preinit
# LLVM 生成的可执行文件
$ readelf -s -W test | grep asan
3: 0000000000000000 0 NOTYPE WEAK DEFAULT UND __asan_default_options
16: 0000000000000000 0 NOTYPE WEAK DEFAULT UND __asan_on_error
49: 0000000000000000 0 NOTYPE WEAK DEFAULT UND __asan_default_suppressions
66: 0000000000426740 466 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT 13 __asan_stack_malloc_0
70: 00000000004269b0 504 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT 13 __asan_stack_malloc_1
. . . . . .
271: 0000000000428000 134 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT 13 __asan_stack_free_8
272: 000000000042b1e0 44 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT 13 __asan_register_image_globals
273: 00000000004d7550 44 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT 13 __asan_report_load4_noabort
275: 00000000004282a0 134 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT 13 __asan_stack_free_9
. . . . . .
635: 00000000004d7460 44 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT 13 __asan_report_load2
636: 00000000004d74f0 44 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT 13 __asan_report_load4
644: 00000000004d7580 44 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT 13 __asan_report_load8
. . . . . .
37: 0000000000000000 0 FILE LOCAL DEFAULT ABS asan_allocator.cc.o
38: 0000000000419370 254 FUNC LOCAL DEFAULT 13 _ZN6__asanL10RZSize2LogEj
39: 0000000000421c90 214 FUNC LOCAL DEFAULT 13 _ZN11__sanitizer20SizeClassAllocator64ILm105553116266496ELm4398046511104ELm0ENS_12SizeClassMapILm17ELm128ELm16EEEN6__asan20AsanMapUnmapCallbackEE15DeallocateBatchEPNS_14AllocatorStatsEmPNS2_13TransferBatchE.isra.32
40: 0000000000419470 1241 FUNC LOCAL DEFAULT 13 _ZN6__asan9AsanChunk8UsedSizeEb.part.19
1162: 0000000000422670 1101 FUNC WEAK HIDDEN 13 _ZN11__sanitizer28SizeClassAllocatorLocalCacheINS_20SizeClassAllocator64ILm105553116266496ELm4398046511104ELm0ENS_12SizeClassMapILm17ELm128ELm16EEEN6__asan20AsanMapUnmapCallbackEEEE6RefillEPS6_m
1178: 00000000004d74f0 44 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT 13 __asan_report_load4
1194: 00000000004cff10 57 FUNC GLOBAL HIDDEN 13 _ZN6__asan10AsanTSDGetEv
1196: 00000000004d6ea0 8 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT 13 __asan_get_report_sp
1202: 00000000004a75e0 63 FUNC GLOBAL HIDDEN 13 _ZN6__asan13SetThreadNameEPKc
1212: 00000000004d7b50 96 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT 13 __asan_load1_noabort
. . . . . .
2202: 00000000004d9780 96 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT 13 __asan_init
2208: 000000000041a720 2468 FUNC GLOBAL HIDDEN 13 _ZN6__asan22FindHeapChunkByAddressEm
2219: 00000000004d9800 7 FUNC GLOBAL HIDDEN 13 _ZN6__asan20GetMallocContextSizeEv
. . . . . .
3790: 0000000000419ac0 19 FUNC GLOBAL HIDDEN 13 _ZN6__asan13AsanChunkView11IsAllocatedEv
3796: 00000000004d08e0 97 FUNC GLOBAL HIDDEN 13 _ZN6__asan25ThreadNameWithParenthesisEPNS_17AsanThreadContextEPcm
主要看两个可执行文件中都有的符号 __asan_report_load4 和 __asan_init，可以看到 GCC 生成的可执行文件动态链接 ASan 库，LLVM 静态链接。
符号化输出
AddressSanitizer 收集如下事件的调用栈：
malloc和malloc- 线程创建
- 失败
malloc 和 malloc 发生的相对频繁，且它对于快速解开调用栈非常重要。AddressSanitizer 使用一个依赖帧指针的简单的 unwinder。
如果不关心 malloc/free 调用栈，简单地完全禁用（使用 malloc_context_size=0 运行时标记）unwinder。
每个栈帧需要被符号化（当然，如果二进制文件编译时带有调试信息）。给定一台 PC，我们需要输出：
#0xabcdf function_name file_name.cc:1234
- 1
AddressSanitizer 使用 Clang 包中的 llvm-symbolizer 符号化栈追踪信息（注意理想的 llvm-symbolizer 版本必须与 ASan 运行时库匹配）。为了使 AddressSanitizer 符号化它的输出，需要设置 ASAN_SYMBOLIZER_PATH 环境变量指向 llvm-symbolizer 二进制文件，或确保 llvm-symbolizer 在 $PATH 中：
$ ASAN_SYMBOLIZER_PATH=/usr/local/bin/llvm-symbolizer ./a.out
==9442== ERROR: AddressSanitizer heap-use-after-free on address 0x7f7ddab8c084 at pc 0x403c8c bp 0x7fff87fb82d0 sp 0x7fff87fb82c8
READ of size 4 at 0x7f7ddab8c084 thread T0
#0 0x403c8c in main example_UseAfterFree.cc:4
#1 0x7f7ddabcac4d in __libc_start_main ??:0
0x7f7ddab8c084 is located 4 bytes inside of 400-byte region [0x7f7ddab8c080,0x7f7ddab8c210)
freed by thread T0 here:
#0 0x404704 in operator delete[](void*) ??:0
#1 0x403c53 in main example_UseAfterFree.cc:4
#2 0x7f7ddabcac4d in __libc_start_main ??:0
previously allocated by thread T0 here:
#0 0x404544 in operator new[](unsigned long) ??:0
#1 0x403c43 in main example_UseAfterFree.cc:2
#2 0x7f7ddabcac4d in __libc_start_main ??:0
==9442== ABORTING
llvm-symbolizer 符号化工具属于 llvm 包，Ubuntu 下具体的安装方法可以参考 LLVM Debian/Ubuntu nightly packages。
如果上面的方法不起作用，可以使用一个单独的脚本来离线地符号化结果（在线的符号化可以通过设置 ASAN_OPTIONS=symbolize=0，或者设置一个空的 ASAN_SYMBOLIZER_PATH 环境变量（$ export ASAN_SYMBOLIZER_PATH=）来强制禁用）：
$ ASAN_OPTIONS=symbolize=0 ./a.out 2> log
$ projects/compiler-rt/lib/asan/scripts/asan_symbolize.py / < log | c++filt
==9442== ERROR: AddressSanitizer heap-use-after-free on address 0x7f7ddab8c084 at pc 0x403c8c bp 0x7fff87fb82d0 sp 0x7fff87fb82c8
READ of size 4 at 0x7f7ddab8c084 thread T0
#0 0x403c8c in main example_UseAfterFree.cc:4
#1 0x7f7ddabcac4d in __libc_start_main ??:0
...
这个脚本接收一个可选的参数 -- a file prefix。子串 .*prefix 将被从文件名中移除。
上面的 c++filt 用于解函数名的符号重组，这也可以通过给 asan_symbolize.py 脚本添加 -d 参数来完成。
在 OS X 上可能需要对二进制文件运行 dsymutil 以在 AddressSanitizer 报告中获得 file:line 信息。
还可以引入自己的栈追踪格式，使用 stack_trace_format 运行时标记完成。例如：
% ./a.out
...
#0 0x4b615d in main /home/you/use-after-free.cc:12:3
...
% ASAN_OPTIONS='stack_trace_format="[frame=%n, function=%f, location=%S]"' ./a.out
...
[frame=0, function=main, location=/home/you/use-after-free.cc:12:3]
AddressSanitizer 算法
简单的版本
运行时库替换 malloc 和 free 函数。把 malloc 分配的内存区域（红色区域）附近放入一些特定的字节（使中毒）。把 free 的内存放入隔离区，并且也放入一些特定的字节（使中毒）。程序中的每次内存访问由编译器以下面的方式做一个转换。
之前：
*address = ...; // or: ... = *address;
之后：
if (IsPoisoned(address)) {
ReportError(address, kAccessSize, kIsWrite);
}
*address = ...; // or: ... = *address;
棘手的部分是如何把 IsPoisoned 实现的高效，且 ReportError 紧凑。同时，对某些访问的插桩可能被证明是冗余的。
内存映射
虚拟地址空间被分割为 2 个互斥的类别：
- 主应用内存（
Mem）：这种内存由常规的应用代码使用。 - 阴影内存（
Shadow）：这种内存包含阴影值（或元数据）。阴影和主应用程序内存之间存在对应关系。在主内存中 使中毒 一个字节意味着在对应的阴影区写入一些特殊的值。
这两种类别的内存应该以阴影内存（MemToShadow）可以被快速计算出来的方式进行组织。
编译器执行的插桩如下：
shadow_address = MemToShadow(address);
if (ShadowIsPoisoned(shadow_address)) {
ReportError(address, kAccessSize, kIsWrite);
}
映射
AddressSanitizer 把 8 个字节的应用内存映射为 1 个字节的阴影内存。
对于任何 8 字节对齐的应用内存只有 9 个不同的值：
- qword 中的所有 8 字节是未中毒的（比如，可寻址）。阴影值为 0。
- qword 中的所有 8 字节是中毒的（比如，不可寻址）。阴影值为负数。
- 起始的
k字节是未中毒的，其余的8-k字节是中毒的。阴影值为k。这主要由malloc的行为保证，即malloc总是返回 8 字节对齐的内存块。一个 qword 对齐的不同字节具有不同状态的仅有的情况是 malloc 的区域的尾部。比如，如果我们调用malloc(13)，我们将拥有一个完整的未中毒的 qword 和一个开头 5 字节未中毒的 qword。
插桩看起来像下面这样：
byte *shadow_address = MemToShadow(address);
byte shadow_value = *shadow_address;
if (shadow_value) {
if (SlowPathCheck(shadow_value, address, kAccessSize)) {
ReportError(address, kAccessSize, kIsWrite);
}
}
// Check the cases where we access first k bytes of the qword
// and these k bytes are unpoisoned.
bool SlowPathCheck(shadow_value, address, kAccessSize) {
last_accessed_byte = (address & 7) + kAccessSize - 1;
return (last_accessed_byte >= shadow_value);
}
MemToShadow(ShadowAddr) 落入不可寻址的 ShadowGap 区域。因此，如果程序试图直接访问阴影区域中的内存位置，它将崩溃。
64-bit
Shadow = (Mem >> 3) + 0x7fff8000;
- 1
| [0x10007fff8000, 0x7fffffffffff] | HighMem |
|---|---|
| [0x02008fff7000, 0x10007fff7fff] | HighShadow |
| [0x00008fff7000, 0x02008fff6fff] | ShadowGap |
| [0x00007fff8000, 0x00008fff6fff] | LowShadow |
| [0x000000000000, 0x00007fff7fff] | LowMem |
32 bit
Shadow = (Mem >> 3) + 0x20000000;
| [0x40000000, 0xffffffff] | HighMem |
|---|---|
| [0x28000000, 0x3fffffff] | HighShadow |
| [0x24000000, 0x27ffffff] | ShadowGap |
| [0x20000000, 0x23ffffff] | LowShadow |
| [0x00000000, 0x1fffffff] | LowMem |
超紧凑的阴影区
使用更紧凑的阴影区内存也是可能的，比如：
Shadow = (Mem >> 7) | kOffset;
还在实验中。
报告错误
ReportError 可以被实现为一个调用（当前默认就是这样），但也有一些其它的，稍微更加高效和/或更加紧凑的方案。此刻默认的行为是：
- 把失败地址拷贝到
%rax(%eax) - 执行
ud2（产生 SIGILL） - 在
ud2之后的一个字节指令中编码访问类型和大小。整体上这 3 个指令需要 5-6 个字节的机器码。
仅使用单个指令（比如 ud2）也是可能的，但这需要在运行时库中有一个完整的反汇编器（或一些其它的 hacks）。
栈
为了捕获栈溢出，AddressSanitizer 插桩的代码像这样：
原始的代码：
void foo() {
char a[8];
...
return;
}
插桩后的代码：
void foo() {
char redzone1[32]; // 32-byte aligned
char a[8]; // 32-byte aligned
char redzone2[24];
char redzone3[32]; // 32-byte aligned
int *shadow_base = MemToShadow(redzone1);
shadow_base[0] = 0xffffffff; // poison redzone1
shadow_base[1] = 0xffffff00; // poison redzone2, unpoison 'a'
shadow_base[2] = 0xffffffff; // poison redzone3
...
shadow_base[0] = shadow_base[1] = shadow_base[2] = 0; // unpoison all
return;
}
插桩的代码示例（x86_64）
# long load8(long *a) { return *a; }
0000000000000030 <load8>:
30: 48 89 f8 mov %rdi,%rax
33: 48 c1 e8 03 shr $0x3,%rax
37: 80 b8 00 80 ff 7f 00 cmpb $0x0,0x7fff8000(%rax)
3e: 75 04 jne 44 <load8+0x14>
40: 48 8b 07 mov (%rdi),%rax <<<<<< original load
43: c3 retq
44: 52 push %rdx
45: e8 00 00 00 00 callq __asan_report_load8
# int load4(int *a) { return *a; }
0000000000000000 <load4>:
0: 48 89 f8 mov %rdi,%rax
3: 48 89 fa mov %rdi,%rdx
6: 48 c1 e8 03 shr $0x3,%rax
a: 83 e2 07 and $0x7,%edx
d: 0f b6 80 00 80 ff 7f movzbl 0x7fff8000(%rax),%eax
14: 83 c2 03 add $0x3,%edx
17: 38 c2 cmp %al,%dl
19: 7d 03 jge 1e <load4+0x1e>
1b: 8b 07 mov (%rdi),%eax <<<<<< original load
1d: c3 retq
1e: 84 c0 test %al,%al
20: 74 f9 je 1b <load4+0x1b>
22: 50 push %rax
23: e8 00 00 00 00 callq __asan_report_load4
未对齐的访问
当前紧凑的映射将不捕获未对齐的部分越界访问：
int *x = new int[2]; // 8 bytes: [0,7].
int *u = (int*)((char*)x + 6);
*u = 1; // Access to range [6-9]
https://github.com/google/sanitizers/issues/100 中描述了一个可行的方案，但它付出了性能的代价。
运行时库
Malloc
运行时库替换 malloc/free，并提供错误报告函数，如 __asan_report_load8。
malloc 分配由红区围绕的请求数量的内存。阴影值对应的红区被下毒，主内存区域的阴影值被清除。
free 用阴影值对整个区域下毒，并把内存块放入一个隔离区（这样在一定时间内这个内存块将不会再次被 malloc 返回）。
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