一 IP 地址
internet protocol address 网络进程地址就是ip地址。类比家庭地址是为了表明家所在的位置,而ip就是相当于使用该地址的主机的地址,顺着这个ip就能找到这个主机。
ipv 4 :internet protocol version 4 网络进程协议的第四个版本。
ip是由32个二进制位组成,一般八个二进制位 一组,分成四组:
例如:11111111.11111111.11111111.11111110
也可以将其每组的八位二进制数转化成十进制数:255.255.255.254 这两是相等的。
该32位二进制被分为网络位和主机位,而哪些位是网络位,哪些位是主机位是由该ip的子网掩码决定的。
二 子网掩码
作用;用来划分网络区域。
与二进制IP地址相同,子网掩码的长度也是32位,由1和0组成,且1和0分别连续。1在左边,0在右边。单独的子网掩码没有意义,必须配合ip地址使用。子网掩码中1位对应的ip中的数字表示网络位,表示网络区域。0位对应的ip中的数字表示主机位,表示网络区域中的某台主机。例如:
ip: 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111110=255.255.255.254
子网掩码: 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000=255.255.255.0
该子网掩码中存在24个1所对应的ip地址中的前24位为网络区域,后八位为主机位,所有ip地址255.255.255.254中的前255.255.255表示网络区域,后面的.254表示网络区域中的主机。也可以使用子网掩码中1的个数来表示该子网掩码。
三 ip通信判定
网络位一致,主即位不一致的2个ip可以直接通讯。检测网络是否畅通可以是用 ping 该工具进行检测。例如:
ip1: 172.25.47.4/24
ip2: 172.25.47.104/24
ip3: 172.25.5.204/1 # ip1与ip2在同一网络区域, 可以直接直接通讯,与ip3不在同一网络区域,无法直接通讯
四 查看主机网络ip
1 ip addr show #可以查看单个网卡网络信息,后面加上该网卡名称。
2 ifconfig # 查看该主机上所有的网络设置信息。
五 设定主机ip网络
1 临时设定:
ifconfig 网卡设备名称 ip/子网掩码 #该方式为临时设定,系统重启或者重启网卡服务(NetworkManager)后消失变成修改之前的ip。
2 文本图形模式设置网络。
nmtui #使用该命令进入文本图形设置网络界面,对网络进行配置。
3 管理系统网络配置文件的方式设置网络。
命名规则
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-xxx #该类文件均为系统网络设置,都会被系统识别,出现内容异常的此类文件会导致系统网络异常。删除网络会导致对应的配置文件被删除
直接在此文件中编辑网络配置信息,保存后重启网络服务即可添加新的网络并生效。
并且该文件的名称与该网络的名称并无关系。
静态网络配置文件内容
在一个网卡设备中可以设置多个ip
动态网络配置文件内容
4 使用命令的方式进行网络配置。
nmcli # NetworkManager 服务必须开启
nmcli device show #显示网卡设备详细信息
nmcli device status #显示网卡设备连接状态
nmcli device disconnect 设备名称 # 断开该设备网络
nmcli device connect 设备名称 # 连接该设备网络
例如:
[root@client Desktop]# nmcli device show #查看网卡设备详细信息
GENERAL.DEVICE: eth0
GENERAL.TYPE: ethernet
GENERAL.HWADDR: 52:54:00:7B:E7:D0
GENERAL.MTU: 1500
GENERAL.STATE: 100 (connected)
GENERAL.CONNECTION: Ethernet connection 1
GENERAL.CON-PATH: /org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveConnection/7
WIRED-PROPERTIES.CARRIER: on
IP4.ADDRESS[1]: ip = 172.25.47.104/24, gw = 0.0.0.0
IP6.ADDRESS[1]: ip = fe80::5054:ff:fe7b:e7d0/64, gw = ::
GENERAL.DEVICE: lo
GENERAL.TYPE: loopback
GENERAL.HWADDR: 00:00:00:00:00:00
GENERAL.MTU: 65536
GENERAL.STATE: 10 (unmanaged)
GENERAL.CONNECTION: --
GENERAL.CON-PATH: --
IP4.ADDRESS[1]: ip = 127.0.0.1/8, gw = 0.0.0.0
IP6.ADDRESS[1]: ip = ::1/128, gw = ::
[root@client Desktop]# nmcli device status # 显示设备连接状态
DEVICE TYPE STATE CONNECTION
eth0 ethernet connected Ethernet connection 1
lo loopback unmanaged --
[root@client Desktop]# nmcli device disconnect eth0 #断开eth0 设备的连接
[root@client Desktop]# nmcli device status # 显示设备连接状态 eth0已断开
DEVICE TYPE STATE CONNECTION
eth0 ethernet disconnected --
lo loopback unmanaged --
[root@client Desktop]# ifconfig #查看主机ip
eth0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
ether 52:54:00:7b:e7:d0 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet) #eth0 网卡被断开 未显示ip
RX packets 23 bytes 1278 (1.2 KiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 376 bytes 35566 (34.7 KiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
[root@client Desktop]# nmcli device connect eth0 #连接eth0 设备
Device 'eth0' successfully activated with '508993e4-34e9-496c-9566-02b546e84943'. #成功连接
[root@client Desktop]# nmcli device status # 显示设备连接状态
DEVICE TYPE STATE CONNECTION
eth0 ethernet connected Ethernet connection 1
lo loopback unmanaged --
[root@client Desktop]# ifconfig #查看主机ip
eth0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 172.25.47.104 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 172.25.47.255 #eth0 网卡重新连接 显示ip
inet6 fe80::5054:ff:fe7b:e7d0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>
ether 52:54:00:7b:e7:d0 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 23 bytes 1278 (1.2 KiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 403 bytes 39523 (38.5 KiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0```
nmcli connection add #添加网络连接
nmcli connection delede # 删除网络连接
nmcli connection show # 显示网络连接详细信息
nmcli connection down # 断开网络连接
nmcli connection up # 连接网络
nmcli connection modify # 修改网络信息(动态网络以及静态网络)
例如:```
[root@client Desktop]# nmcli connection show lele #显示连接名称为lele的连接详细信息
connection.id: lele
connection.uuid: 508993e4-34e9-496c-9566-02b546e84943
connection.interface-name: --
connection.type: 802-3-ethernet
connection.autoconnect: yes
connection.timestamp: 1554546624
connection.read-only: no
connection.permissions:
connection.zone: --
connection.master: --
connection.slave-type: --
connection.secondaries:
connection.gateway-ping-timeout: 0
802-3-ethernet.port: --
802-3-ethernet.speed: 0
802-3-ethernet.duplex: full
802-3-ethernet.auto-negotiate: yes
802-3-ethernet.mac-address: 52:54:00:7B:E7:D0
802-3-ethernet.cloned-mac-address: --
802-3-ethernet.mac-address-blacklist:
802-3-ethernet.mtu: auto
802-3-ethernet.s390-subchannels:
802-3-ethernet.s390-nettype: --
802-3-ethernet.s390-options:
ipv4.method: manual
ipv4.dns:
ipv4.dns-search:
ipv4.addresses: { ip = 172.25.47.104/24, gw = 0.0.0.0 }
ipv4.routes:
ipv4.ignore-auto-routes: no
ipv4.ignore-auto-dns: no
ipv4.dhcp-client-id: --
ipv4.dhcp-send-hostname: yes
ipv4.dhcp-hostname: --
ipv4.never-default: no
ipv4.may-fail: yes
ipv6.method: auto
ipv6.dns:
ipv6.dns-search:
ipv6.addresses:
ipv6.routes:
ipv6.ignore-auto-routes: no
ipv6.ignore-auto-dns: no
ipv6.never-default: no
ipv6.may-fail: yes
ipv6.ip6-privacy: -1 (unknown)
ipv6.dhcp-hostname: --
GENERAL.NAME: lele
GENERAL.UUID: 508993e4-34e9-496c-9566-02b546e84943
GENERAL.DEVICES: eth0
GENERAL.STATE: activated
GENERAL.DEFAULT: no
GENERAL.DEFAULT6: no
GENERAL.VPN: no
GENERAL.ZONE: --
GENERAL.DBUS-PATH: /org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveConnection/8
GENERAL.CON-PATH: /org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/Settings/4
GENERAL.SPEC-OBJECT: --
GENERAL.MASTER-PATH: --
IP4.ADDRESS[1]: ip = 172.25.47.104/24, gw = 0.0.0.0
IP6.ADDRESS[1]: ip = fe80::5054:ff:fe7b:e7d0/64, gw = ::
[root@client Desktop]# nmcli connection down lele #断开名称为lele的网络连接
[root@client Desktop]# ip addr show eth0 # 查看主机网络ip
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000 # 由于连接已经断开未显示ip
link/ether 52:54:00:7b:e7:d0 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
[root@client Desktop]# nmcli connection up lele #重新连接名称为lele的网络连接
Connection successfully activated (D-Bus active path: /org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveConnection/9) #提示连接成功
[root@client Desktop]# ip addr show eth0 # 查看主机网络ip
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
link/ether 52:54:00:7b:e7:d0 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 172.25.47.104/24 brd 172.25.47.255 scope global eth0 # 由于已经重新连接 显示ip
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::5054:ff:fe7b:e7d0/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
[root@client Desktop]# nmcli connection delete lele #删除名称为lele的网络连接
[root@client Desktop]# ip addr show eth0
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
link/ether 52:54:00:7b:e7:d0 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
[root@client Desktop]# nmcli connection add con-name toto ifname eth0 type ethernet ip4 172.25.47.105/24 #添加静态网络连接toto
Connection 'toto' (68825e97-1e5d-475f-877e-01f93d86b6b1) successfully added.
[root@client Desktop]# ip addr show eth0
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
link/ether 52:54:00:7b:e7:d0 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 172.25.47.105/24 brd 172.25.47.255 scope global eth0 #成功添加网络 显示所设置的静态ip
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::5054:ff:fe7b:e7d0/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
六 NAT 网络地址转换
功能:使得在不同网段的两台主机进行数据传输。
路由器:进行网络地址转换的主机,路由器至少需要两个网卡。可开启防火墙以及其伪装功能(masquerade yes)以及开启内核的路由功能
网关:路由器上与数据来源主机在同一网段的ip地址。用来接收该数据。
1 设置路由器网络
[root@lyq Desktop]# ifconfig #查看主机网卡设备ip情况 路由器至少存在两块网卡
eth0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
ether 52:54:00:00:2f:0b txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet) # 第一块网卡
RX packets 96 bytes 16416 (16.0 KiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 22 bytes 3508 (3.4 KiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
eth1: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
ether 52:54:00:b9:28:a4 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet) # 第二块网卡
RX packets 45 bytes 7530 (7.3 KiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions
[root@lyq Desktop]# nmcli connection add con-name eth1 ifname eth1 type ethernet ip4 1.1.1.14/24 #给主机网卡1设置ip
Connection 'eth1' (e113d7e3-6d95-418d-923f-bb57a1f0336b) successfully added.
[root@lyq Desktop]# nmcli connection add con-name eth0 ifname eth0 type ethernet ip4 172.25.47.104/24 #给主机网卡0设置ip
Connection 'eth0' (d6be296f-895c-4920-b6e9-cdf9925a2244) successfully added.
[root@lyq Desktop]# systemctl restart network #重启网络服务
[root@lyq Desktop]# ifconfig
eth0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 172.25.47.104 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 172.25.47.255
inet6 fe80::5054:ff:fe00:2f0b prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>
ether 52:54:00:00:2f:0b txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 197 bytes 30878 (30.1 KiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 134 bytes 19285 (18.8 KiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
eth1: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 1.1.1.14 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 1.1.1.255
inet6 fe80::5054:ff:feb9:28a4 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>
ether 52:54:00:b9:28:a4 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 174 bytes 26394 (25.7 KiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 83 bytes 11338 (11.0 KiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
2 开启防火墙伪装功能
[root@lyq Desktop]# systemctl start firewalld.service #开启防火墙服务
[root@lyq Desktop]# firewall-cmd --list-all #查看服务信息
public (default, active)
interfaces: eth0 eth1
sources:
services: dhcpv6-client ssh
ports:
masquerade: no #伪装功能未开启
forward-ports:
icmp-blocks:
rich rules:
[root@lyq Desktop]# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-masquerade #开启伪装功能
success
[root@lyq Desktop]# systemctl restart firewalld.service # 重启防火墙服务
[root@lyq Desktop]# firewall-cmd --list-all
public (default, active)
interfaces: eth0 eth1
sources:
services: dhcpv6-client ssh
ports:
masquerade:yes #伪装功能成功开启
forward-ports:
icmp-blocks:
rich rules:
3 开启系统内核路由功能
[root@lyq Desktop]# sysctl -a |grep ip_forward #从所有系统参数中筛选ip_forward 参数
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0 #该值为0,表示系统内核路由功能为开启
[root@lyq Desktop]# vim /etc/sysctl.conf #修改系统文件 写入 net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1
[root@lyq Desktop]# cat /etc/sysctl.conf # 查看该文件内容
# System default settings live in /usr/lib/sysctl.d/00-system.conf.
# To override those settings, enter new settings here, or in an /etc/sysctl.d/<name>.conf file
#
# For more information, see sysctl.conf(5) and sysctl.d(5).
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1
[root@lyq Desktop]# sysctl -p #从指定的文件加载系统参数,如不指定即从/etc/sysctl.conf中加载
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1 # 系统路由功能成功开启
4 设置客户端网关
[root@client Desktop]# ifconfig
eth0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 1.1.1.107 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 1.1.1.255 #客户端主机的ip为1.1.1.107
inet6 fe80::5054:ff:fe7b:e7d0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>
ether 52:54:00:7b:e7:d0 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 243 bytes 32878 (32.1 KiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 225 bytes 40532 (39.5 KiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
[root@client Desktop]# ls /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/
ifdown-post ifup-bnep ifup-routes
ifcfg-eth0-1 ifdown-ppp ifup-eth ifup-sit
ifcfg-lo ifdown-routes ifup-ippp ifup-Team
ifdown ifdown-sit ifup-ipv6 ifup-TeamPort
ifdown-bnep ifdown-Team ifup-isdn ifup-tunnel
ifdown-eth ifdown-TeamPort ifup-plip ifup-wireless
ifdown-ippp ifdown-tunnel ifup-plusb init.ipv6-global
ifdown-ipv6 ifup ifup-post network-functions
ifdown-isdn ifup-aliases ifup-ppp network-functions-ipv6
[root@client Desktop]# cd /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/
[root@client network-scripts]# vim ifcfg-eth0-1 #编辑网络配置文件,设置给该网络设置网关
[root@client network-scripts]# cat ifcfg-eth0-1 #查看文件内容
TYPE=Ethernet
BOOTPROTO=none
IPADDR=1.1.1.107
PREFIX=24
NAME=eth0
DEVICE=eth0
ONBOOT=yes
GATEWAY=1.1.1.14 # 在文件中新写入的网关信息,网关为路由器中与该主机在同一网段的ip地址
[root@client network-scripts]# systemctl restart network # 重启网络服务
[root@client network-scripts]# route -n # 查看网关信息
Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface # 设置成功
0.0.0.0 1.1.1.14 0.0.0.0 UG 1024 0 0 eth0
1.1.1.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0
5 两台不在同一网段的主机通过路由器进行通讯
[root@client Desktop]# ifconfig
eth0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 1.1.1.107 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 1.1.1.255 #客户端主机的ip为1.1.1.107
inet6 fe80::5054:ff:fe7b:e7d0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>
ether 52:54:00:7b:e7:d0 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 243 bytes 32878 (32.1 KiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 225 bytes 40532 (39.5 KiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
[root@client network-scripts]# ping 172.25.47.250 #检验通过路由器与主机172.25.47.250进行通讯
PING 172.25.47.250 (172.25.47.250) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 172.25.47.250: icmp_seq=1 ttl=63 time=0.403 ms
64 bytes from 172.25.47.250: icmp_seq=2 ttl=63 time=0.557 ms
64 bytes from 172.25.47.250: icmp_seq=3 ttl=63 time=0.612 ms
64 bytes from 172.25.47.250: icmp_seq=4 ttl=63 time=0.607 ms
64 bytes from 172.25.47.250: icmp_seq=5 ttl=63 time=0.588 ms
64 bytes from 172.25.47.250: icmp_seq=6 ttl=63 time=0.526 ms
64 bytes from 172.25.47.250: icmp_seq=7 ttl=63 time=0.593 ms # 通讯连接成功
64 bytes from 172.25.47.250: icmp_seq=8 ttl=63 time=0.570 ms
^X64 bytes from 172.25.47.250: icmp_seq=9 ttl=63 time=0.605 ms
64 bytes from 172.25.47.250: icmp_seq=10 ttl=63 time=0.571 ms
^C
--- 172.25.47.250 ping statistics ---
10 packets transmitted, 10 received, 0% packet loss, time 9000ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.403/0.563/0.612/0.060 ms
七 DNS服务器
地址解析 :将域名转换成ip地址过程,为地址解析。
DNS服务器 :提供所有域名的ip地址解析的主机。
将真机作为路由器,使得虚拟机可以通过真机连接网络。
[root@client Desktop]# ping 183.232.231.174
PING 183.232.231.174 (183.232.231.174) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 183.232.231.174: icmp_seq=1 ttl=55 time=42.0 ms
64 bytes from 183.232.231.174: icmp_seq=2 ttl=55 time=42.3 ms
64 bytes from 183.232.231.174: icmp_seq=3 ttl=55 time=41.0 ms
64 bytes from 183.232.231.174: icmp_seq=4 ttl=55 time=41.1 ms
64 bytes from 183.232.231.174: icmp_seq=5 ttl=55 time=40.8 ms
64 bytes from 183.232.231.174: icmp_seq=6 ttl=55 time=41.6 ms
64 bytes from 183.232.231.174: icmp_seq=7 ttl=55 time=40.8 ms
64 bytes from 183.232.231.174: icmp_seq=8 ttl=55 time=41.1 ms
64 bytes from 183.232.231.174: icmp_seq=9 ttl=55 time=41.9 ms
^C
--- 183.232.231.174 ping statistics ---
9 packets transmitted, 9 received, 0% packet loss, time 8009ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 40.853/41.455/42.386/0.581 ms
本的解析文件 /etc/hosts. 提供域名ip地址解析
[root@client Desktop]# ping www.baidu.com #通过域名进行里连接
ping: unknown host www.baidu.com #无法连接
[root@client Desktop]# vim /etc/hosts
[root@client Desktop]# cat /etc/hosts #本地解析文件
127.0.0.1 localhost localhost.localdomain localhost4 localhost4.localdomain4
::1 localhost localhost.localdomain localhost6 localhost6.localdomain6
172.25.254.254 classroom.example.com
172.25.254.254 content.example.com
172.25.231.208
183.232.231.174 www.baidu.com #添加www.baidu.com 的域名解析
[root@client Desktop]# ping www.baidu.com #使用域名成功连接
PING www.baidu.com (183.232.231.174) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from www.baidu.com (183.232.231.174): icmp_seq=1 ttl=55 time=91.3 ms
64 bytes from www.baidu.com (183.232.231.174): icmp_seq=2 ttl=55 time=67.3 ms
64 bytes from www.baidu.com (183.232.231.174): icmp_seq=3 ttl=55 time=42.7 ms
64 bytes from www.baidu.com (183.232.231.174): icmp_seq=4 ttl=55 time=41.6 ms
64 bytes from www.baidu.com (183.232.231.174): icmp_seq=5 ttl=55 time=42.3 ms
64 bytes from www.baidu.com (183.232.231.174): icmp_seq=6 ttl=55 time=42.1 ms
^C
--- www.baidu.com ping statistics ---
6 packets transmitted, 6 received, 0% packet loss, time 5007ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 41.683/54.612/91.382/18.821 ms
使用DNS服务器进行域名解析。/etc/resolv.conf 存放dns服务器的地址
[root@client Desktop]# vim /etc/resolv.conf #编辑文件,添加dns服务器的地址
[root@client Desktop]# cat /etc/resolv.conf
# Generated by NetworkManager
domain ilt.example.com
search ilt.example.com example.com localdomain.localdomain
nameserver 114.114.114.114 #新添加的dns服务器地址
[root@client Desktop]# ping baidu.com #使用域名进行网站通讯
PING baidu.com (220.181.57.216) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 220.181.57.216: icmp_seq=1 ttl=50 time=32.0 ms
64 bytes from 220.181.57.216: icmp_seq=2 ttl=50 time=30.7 ms
64 bytes from 220.181.57.216: icmp_seq=3 ttl=50 time=31.5 ms
^C
--- baidu.com ping statistics ---
4 packets transmitted, 3 received, 25% packet loss, time 3004ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 30.757/31.456/32.077/0.560 ms
[root@client Desktop]# ping taobao.com #使用域名进行网站通讯
PING taobao.com (140.205.94.189) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 140.205.94.189: icmp_seq=1 ttl=38 time=49.1 ms
64 bytes from 140.205.94.189: icmp_seq=2 ttl=38 time=45.9 ms
64 bytes from 140.205.94.189: icmp_seq=3 ttl=38 time=49.5 ms
^C
--- taobao.com ping statistics ---
3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2003ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 45.916/48.183/49.509/1.630 ms
本地域名解析与dns服务器进行解析的优先级 在文件 /etc/nsswitch 39行规定
[root@client Desktop]# vim /etc/nsswitch.conf #编辑优先级配置文件
[root@client Desktop]# head -n 39 /etc/nsswitch.conf |tail -n 1 #查看该文件39行内容
hosts: files dns #表示本地域名解析优先与使用dns服务器进行域名解析
[root@client Desktop]# cat /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1 localhost localhost.localdomain localhost4 localhost4.localdomain4
::1 localhost localhost.localdomain localhost6 localhost6.localdomain6
172.25.254.254 classroom.example.com
172.25.254.254 content.example.com
172.25.231.208
172.25.47.250 www.baidu.com #本地域名解析文件中规定的百度的ip
[root@client Desktop]# ping www.baidu.com #使用域名连接www.baidu.com
PING www.baidu.com (172.25.47.250) 56(84) bytes of data. # 连接的ip为本地解析文件中规定的ip
64 bytes from www.baidu.com (172.25.47.250): icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.160 ms
64 bytes from www.baidu.com (172.25.47.250): icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.236 ms
64 bytes from www.baidu.com (172.25.47.250): icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.196 ms
64 bytes from www.baidu.com (172.25.47.250): icmp_seq=4 ttl=64 time=0.226 ms
^C
--- www.baidu.com ping statistics ---
4 packets transmitted, 4 received, 0% packet loss, time 2999ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.160/0.204/0.236/0.032 ms
[root@client Desktop]# vim /etc/nsswitch.conf #将使用dns服务器进行域名解析的优先级调高
[root@client Desktop]# head -n 39 /etc/nsswitch.conf |tail -n 1
hosts: dns files # dns服务器在前
[root@client Desktop]# ping www.baidu.com
PING www.a.shifen.com (183.232.231.174) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 183.232.231.174: icmp_seq=1 ttl=55 time=42.2 ms
64 bytes from 183.232.231.174: icmp_seq=2 ttl=55 time=41.3 ms
^C64 bytes from 183.232.231.174: icmp_seq=3 ttl=55 time=42.0 ms
--- www.a.shifen.com ping statistics ---
3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 20114ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 41.388/41.894/42.270/0.371 ms
八 真机使用网线联网
修改/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-br0 文件,在原有基础上增加:所有用网线的ip,子网以及网关即可。