欧拉公式
在复数域中, 对于
x
x
x:
e
i
x
=
cos
x
+
i
sin
x
e^{ix}=\cos x+i\sin x
eix=cosx+isinx
其中
e
e
e是欧拉数,
i
i
i是虚部单位。
当
x
=
π
x=\pi
x=π时,
e
i
π
=
cos
π
+
i
sin
π
=
−
1
e
i
π
+
1
=
0
i
π
=
ln
(
−
1
)
\begin{array}{c} e^{i\pi}=\cos\pi+i\sin\pi=-1 \\ e^{i\pi}+1=0 \\ i\pi = \ln(-1) \end{array}
eiπ=cosπ+isinπ=−1eiπ+1=0iπ=ln(−1)
证明
设
z
=
a
+
b
i
∈
C
z = a+bi \in \mathbb{C}
z=a+bi∈C ,
a
,
b
∈
R
a, b\in\mathbb{R}
a,b∈R . 已知定理
lim
n
→
∞
(
1
+
1
n
)
n
=
e
\lim_{n\to\infty}\left(1+\frac{1}{n}\right)^n=e
n→∞lim(1+n1)n=e
那么
lim
n
→
∞
(
1
+
z
n
)
n
=
lim
n
→
∞
(
(
1
+
z
n
)
n
z
)
z
=
(
lim
n
→
∞
(
1
+
z
n
)
n
z
)
z
=
e
z
\begin{aligned} \lim_{n\to\infty}\left(1+\frac{z}{n}\right)^n &= \lim_{n\to\infty}\left(\left(1+\frac{z}{n}\right)^\frac{n}{z}\right)^z \\ &= \left(\lim_{n\to\infty}\left(1+\frac{z}{n}\right)^\frac{n}{z}\right)^z \\ & = e^z \end{aligned}
n→∞lim(1+nz)n=n→∞lim((1+nz)zn)z=(n→∞lim(1+nz)zn)z=ez
e
a
+
b
i
=
lim
n
→
∞
(
1
+
a
+
b
i
n
)
n
e^{a+bi}=\lim_{n\to\infty}\left(1+\frac{a+bi}{n}\right)^n
ea+bi=n→∞lim(1+na+bi)n
设
(
1
+
a
+
b
i
n
)
n
=
(
n
+
a
n
+
b
n
i
)
n
=
r
n
(
cos
θ
n
+
i
sin
θ
n
)
\left(1+\frac{a+bi}{n}\right)^n=\left(\frac{n+a}{n}+\frac{b}{n}i\right)^n = r_n(\cos\theta_n+i\sin\theta_n)
(1+na+bi)n=(nn+a+nbi)n=rn(cosθn+isinθn)
根据 棣莫弗定理 有:
r
n
=
[
(
1
+
a
n
)
2
+
(
b
n
)
2
]
n
2
r_n=\left[\left(1+\frac{a}{n}\right)^2+\left(\frac{b}{n}\right)^2\right]^\frac{n}{2}
rn=[(1+na)2+(nb)2]2n
θ
n
=
n
arctan
b
n
+
a
\theta_n=n\arctan\frac{b}{n+a}
θn=narctann+ab
lim
n
→
∞
ln
r
n
=
lim
n
→
∞
n
2
ln
(
1
+
2
a
n
+
a
2
+
b
2
n
2
)
=
lim
n
→
∞
n
2
(
2
a
n
+
a
2
+
b
2
n
2
)
=
a
\begin{aligned} \lim_{n\to\infty}\ln r_n &=\lim_{n\to\infty}\frac{n}{2}\ln\left(1+\frac{2a}{n}+\frac{a^2+b^2}{n^2}\right)\quad \\ &= \lim_{n\to\infty}\frac{n}{2}\left(\frac{2a}{n}+\frac{a^2+b^2}{n^2}\right) \\ &= a \end{aligned}
n→∞limlnrn=n→∞lim2nln(1+n2a+n2a2+b2)=n→∞lim2n(n2a+n2a2+b2)=a
(此处应用了麦克劳林公式).
所以
lim
n
→
∞
r
n
=
e
a
\lim_{n\to\infty}r_n=e^a
n→∞limrn=ea
又有
lim
n
→
∞
θ
n
=
lim
n
→
∞
n
arctan
b
n
1
+
n
a
=
lim
n
→
∞
b
n
n
+
a
=
b
\begin{aligned} \lim_{n\to\infty}\theta_n&=\lim_{n\to\infty}n\arctan\frac{\frac{b}{n}}{1+\frac{n}{a}} \\ &= \lim_{n\to\infty}\frac{bn}{n+a} \\ &= b \end{aligned}
n→∞limθn=n→∞limnarctan1+annb=n→∞limn+abn=b
(此处也应用了麦克劳林公式)
从以上式子可得:
e
a
+
b
i
=
lim
n
→
∞
(
n
+
a
n
+
b
n
i
)
n
=
lim
n
→
∞
r
n
(
cos
θ
n
+
i
sin
θ
n
)
=
e
a
(
cos
b
+
i
sin
b
)
\begin{aligned} e^{a+bi} &=\lim_{n\to\infty}(\frac{n+a}{n}+\frac{b}{n}i)^n \\ &=\lim_{n\to\infty}r_n(\cos\theta_n+i\sin\theta_n) \\ &=e^a(\cos b + i\sin b) \end{aligned}
ea+bi=n→∞lim(nn+a+nbi)n=n→∞limrn(cosθn+isinθn)=ea(cosb+isinb)
取
a
=
0
a = 0
a=0,
e
b
i
=
cos
b
+
i
sin
b
e^{bi}=\cos b+i\sin b
ebi=cosb+isinb
即
e
x
i
=
cos
x
+
i
sin
x
e^{xi}=\cos x+i\sin x
exi=cosx+isinx
证毕。