目录
2. URI:统一资源标识符 Uniform Resource Identifier
内容提供器:用于不同的应用程序之间实现数据共享功能。
1. 运行时权限
1.1 权限机制
普通权限:不会直接威胁到用户安全和隐私的权限,系统自动授权
危险权限:可能触及隐私或影响安全性的权限,必须手动点击授权才行。如地理位置、联系人等
Android 中所有危险权限,一共9组24个
权限组名 | 权限名称 |
CALENDAR(日历) | READ_CALENDAR |
WRITE_CALENDAR | |
CAMERA(相机) | CAMERA |
CONTACTS(联系人) | READ_CONTACTS |
WRITE_CONTACTS | |
GET_ACCOUNTS | |
LOCATION(位置) | ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION |
ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION | |
MICROPHONE(麦克风) | RECORD_AUDIO |
PHONE(手机) | READ_PHONE_STATE |
CALL_PHONE | |
ERAD_CALL_LOG | |
WRITE_CALL_LOG | |
ADD_VOICEMAIL | |
USE_SIP | |
PROCESS_OUTGOING_CALLS | |
SENSORS(传感器) | BODY_SENSORS |
SMS(短信) | SEND_SMS |
RECEIVE_SMS | |
READ_SMS | |
RECEIVE_WAP_PUSH | |
RECEIVE_MMS | |
STORAGE(存储卡) | READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE |
WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE |
完整权限列表:https://developer.android.google.cn/reference/android/Manifest.permission.html
2.2 运行时申请权限
申请 CALL_PHONE 权限
1. 按钮点击事件构建一个隐式 Intent,操作放到 try/catch 中防止程序崩溃
public void onClick(View v) {
try {
Intent intent = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_CALL);
intent.setData(Uri.parse("tel:10086"));
startActivity(intent);
} catch (SecurityException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
// 清单文件加上权限
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.CALL_PHONE" />
低于 Android 6.0 系统的手机正常运行,更高版本系统上,提示权限禁止。因为 6.0及以上系统使用危险权限都必须有运行时权限处理。
2. 用户授权
① 判断用户是否已授权,ContextCompat.checkSelfPermission,方法的返回值和 PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED 作比较
② 如果已授权直接 call,否则调用 ActivityCompat.requestPermissions 向用户申请授权
③ 弹出权限申请对话框,将结果回调到 onRequestPermissionsResult
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
Button makeCall = findViewById(R.id.make_call);
makeCall.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
if (ContextCompat.checkSelfPermission(MainActivity.this,
Manifest.permission.CALL_PHONE) != PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
ActivityCompat.requestPermissions(MainActivity.this,
new String[]{Manifest.permission.CALL_PHONE}, 1);
} else {
call();
}
}
});
}
private void call() {
try {
Intent intent = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_CALL);
intent.setData(Uri.parse("tel:10086"));
startActivity(intent);
} catch (SecurityException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
@Override
public void onRequestPermissionsResult(int requestCode, @NonNull String[] permissions,
@NonNull int[] grantResults) {
switch (requestCode) {
case 1:
if (grantResults.length > 0 && grantResults[0] == PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
call();
} else {
Toast.makeText(this, "You denied the permission",
Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
}
break;
default:
break;
}
}
关闭权限:Setting -> Apps -> RuntimePermissionTest -> Permissions
2. 访问其他程序中的数据
内容提供器用法有两种:
① 使用现有的 ContentProvider 读取和操作相应程序中的数据
② 创建自己的 ContentProvider 给程序的数据提供外部访问接口,允许其他程序访问
2.1 ContentResolver 基本用法
1. getContentResolver():获取 ContentResolver 类的实例
insert, update, delete, query
2. URI:统一资源标识符 Uniform Resource Identifier
content://com.example.contactstest.provider/table1
头部是协议声明
authority:用于区分不同应用程序,以包名方式命名
path:区分同一程序中不同的表
id:访问表中 id 为1 的数据
content://com.example.contactstest.provider/table1/1
通配符:
- *:匹配任意长度的任意字符
- #:匹配任意长度的数字
// 匹配任意表内容
content://com.example.contactstest.provider/*
// 匹配table1 表中任意一行数据的内容
content://com.example.contactstest.provider/table1/#
3. 将 URI 字符串解析成 Uri 对象,然后作为参数传入
Uri uri = Uri.parse("content://com.example.contactstest.provider/table1");
4. 增删改查
query:返回 Cursor 对象
Cursor cursor = getContentResolver().query(
uri,//表路径
projection,//查询的列名
selection, //where 约束条件
selectionArgs, //占位符提供具体的值
sortOrder); // 排序方式
// 移动游标位置遍历 cursor 所有行
if (cursor != null) {
while (cursor.moveToNext()) {
String column1= cursor.getString(cursor.getColumnIndex("column1"));
}
cursor.close();
}
insert
ContentValues values = new ContentValues();
values.put("column1","text");
getContentResolver().insert(uri,values);
update
ContentValues values = new ContentValues();
values.put("column1", "text222");
getContentResolver().update(uri, values, "column1 = ?", new String[]{"text"});
delete
getContentResolver().delete(uri, "column1 = ?", new String[]{"text"});
2.2 读取系统联系人
public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
ArrayAdapter<String> adapter;
List<String> contactsList = new ArrayList<>();
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
ListView contactsView = findViewById(R.id.contacts_view);
adapter = new ArrayAdapter<String>(this, android.R.layout.simple_list_item_1,
contactsList);
contactsView.setAdapter(adapter);
if (ContextCompat.checkSelfPermission(this, Manifest.permission.READ_CONTACTS)
!= PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
ActivityCompat.requestPermissions(this, new String[]{
Manifest.permission.READ_CONTACTS}, 1);
} else {
readContacts();
}
}
private void readContacts() {
Cursor cursor = null;
try {
cursor = getContentResolver().query(ContactsContract.CommonDataKinds.
Phone.CONTENT_URI, null, null, null, null);
if (cursor != null) {
while (cursor.moveToNext()) {
String displayName = cursor.getString(cursor.getColumnIndex
(ContactsContract.CommonDataKinds.Phone.DISPLAY_NAME));
String number = cursor.getString(cursor.getColumnIndex
(ContactsContract.CommonDataKinds.Phone.NUMBER));
contactsList.add(displayName + "\n" + number);
}
adapter.notifyDataSetChanged();
}
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
if (cursor != null) {
cursor.close();
}
}
}
@Override
public void onRequestPermissionsResult(int requestCode, @NonNull String[] permissions, @NonNull int[] grantResults) {
switch (requestCode) {
case 1:
if (grantResults.length > 0 && grantResults[0] == PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
readContacts();
} else {
Toast.makeText(this, "You denied the permission",
Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
}
break;
default:
}
}
}
//Manifest 声明权限
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.READ_CONTACTS"/>
Notes:
① ListView 显示联系人信息
② 危险权限,需要用户授权
③ getContentResolver 查询联系人数据,清单文件加上权限声明
3. 创建自己的内容提供器
1. 新建类继承 ContentProvider
public class MyProvider extends ContentProvider {
@Override
public boolean onCreate() {
return false;
}
@Override
public Cursor query(@NonNull Uri uri, @Nullable String[] projection, @Nullable String selection, @Nullable String[] selectionArgs, @Nullable String sortOrder) {
return null;
}
/**
* 根据传入的 URI 返回相应 MIME 类型
* @param uri
* @return
*/
@Override
public String getType(@NonNull Uri uri) {
return null;
}
@Override
public Uri insert(@NonNull Uri uri, @Nullable ContentValues values) {
return null;
}
@Override
public int delete(@NonNull Uri uri, @Nullable String selection, @Nullable String[] selectionArgs) {
return 0;
}
@Override
public int update(@NonNull Uri uri, @Nullable ContentValues values, @Nullable String selection, @Nullable String[] selectionArgs) {
return 0;
}
}
2. 使用 UriMatcher,匹配内容 URI 的功能
public static final int TABLE1_DIR = 0;
public static final int TABLE1_ITEM = 1;
public static final int TABLE2_DIR = 2;
public static final int TABLE2_ITEM = 3;
private static UriMatcher uriMatcher;
static {
uriMatcher = new UriMatcher(UriMatcher.NO_MATCH);
uriMatcher.addURI("com.example.providertest.provider", "table1", TABLE1_DIR);
uriMatcher.addURI("com.example.providertest.provider", "table1/#", TABLE1_ITEM);
uriMatcher.addURI("com.example.providertest.provider", "table2", TABLE2_DIR);
uriMatcher.addURI("com.example.providertest.provider", "table2/#", TABLE2_ITEM);
}
@Override
public boolean onCreate() {
return false;
}
@Nullable
@Override
public Cursor query(@NonNull Uri uri, @Nullable String[] projection, @Nullable String selection, @Nullable String[] selectionArgs, @Nullable String sortOrder) {
switch (uriMatcher.match(uri)) {
case TABLE1_DIR:
// 查询 table1 表中所有数据
break;
case TABLE1_ITEM:
// 查询 table1 表中单条数据
break;
case TABLE2_DIR:
// // 查询 table2 表中所有数据
break;
...
Notes:
① addURI 将 URI 内容跟常量匹配,供后面使用
② query 匹配传入的 Uri 对象,判断调用方期待访问的是什么数据
getType:返回 MIME类型
格式规定:
- 必须以 vnd 开头;
- 如果以路径结尾,则接 android.cursor.dir/ ,如果以 id 结尾,则接 android.cursor.item/;
- 最后接上 vnd.<authority>.<path>
public String getType(@NonNull Uri uri) {
switch (uriMatcher.match(uri)) {
case TABLE1_DIR:
return "vnd.android.cursor.dir/vnd.com.example.providertest.provider.table1";
case TABLE1_ITEM:
return "vnd.android.cursor.item/vnd.com.example.providertest.provider.table1";
case TABLE2_DIR:
return "vnd.android.cursor.dir/vnd.com.example.providertest.provider.table2";
case TABLE2_ITEM:
return "vnd.android.cursor.item/vnd.com.example.providertest.provider.table2";
default:
break;
}
return null;
}
# 保证隐私数据不会泄露:UriMatcher
所有增删改查操作都一定要匹配相应的内容 URI 格式才能进行。
3.1 跨程序数据共享:provider 作为外部访问接口
1. 打开DatabaseTest,建 DatabaseProvider 作为外部访问接口,供 ProviderTest 应用访问
new -> Other -> ContentProvider
2. 修改 DatabaseProvider 代码
public class DatabaseProvider extends ContentProvider {
public static final int BOOK_DIR = 0;
public static final int BOOK_ITEM = 1;
public static final int CATEGORY_DIR = 2;
public static final int CATEGORY_ITEM = 3;
public static final String AUTHORITY = "com.example.databasetest.provider";
private static UriMatcher uriMatcher;
private MyDatabaseHelper dbHelper;
static {
uriMatcher = new UriMatcher(UriMatcher.NO_MATCH);
uriMatcher.addURI(AUTHORITY, "book", BOOK_DIR);
uriMatcher.addURI(AUTHORITY, "book/#", BOOK_ITEM);
uriMatcher.addURI(AUTHORITY, "category", CATEGORY_DIR);
uriMatcher.addURI(AUTHORITY, "category/#", CATEGORY_ITEM);
}
public DatabaseProvider() {
}
/**
* 创建 MyDatabaseHelper 实例,此时数据库完成创建或升级
* @return
*/
@Override
public boolean onCreate() {
Log.d(TAG, "onCreate: ");
dbHelper = new MyDatabaseHelper(getContext(), "BookStore.db", null, 2);
return true;
}
/**
* 根据uri 判断用户想要访问哪张表,然后调用 SQLiteDatabase 的 query 查询
* @param uri
* @param projection
* @param selection
* @param selectionArgs
* @param sortOrder
* @return
*/
@Override
public Cursor query(Uri uri, String[] projection, String selection,
String[] selectionArgs, String sortOrder) {
Log.d(TAG, "query: ");
SQLiteDatabase db = dbHelper.getReadableDatabase();
Cursor cursor = null;
switch (uriMatcher.match(uri)) {
case BOOK_DIR:
cursor = db.query("Book", projection, selection, selectionArgs,
null, null, sortOrder);
break;
// getPathSegments 会将 uri 权限之后的部分以 "/" 分割,并把结果存到字符串列表中
// 列表第 0 位置存放路径,1 位置存放 id。通过此方法取出 id
case BOOK_ITEM:
String bookId = uri.getPathSegments().get(1);
cursor = db.query("Book", projection, "id = ?", new String[]{bookId},
null, null, sortOrder);
break;
case CATEGORY_DIR:
cursor = db.query("Category", projection, selection, selectionArgs,
null, null, sortOrder);
break;
case CATEGORY_ITEM:
String categoryId = uri.getPathSegments().get(1);
cursor = db.query("Category", projection, "id = ?", new String[]{categoryId},
null, null, sortOrder);
break;
default:
break;
}
return cursor;
}
/**
* 调用数据库 insert 方法添加数据
* @param uri
* @param values
* @return 返回能够表示新增数据的 URI,拼凑内容 URI 以 id 结尾,然后解析成 Uri对象
*/
@Override
public Uri insert(Uri uri, ContentValues values) {
Log.d(TAG, "insert: ");
SQLiteDatabase db = dbHelper.getWritableDatabase();
Uri uriReturn = null;
switch (uriMatcher.match(uri)) {
case BOOK_DIR:
case BOOK_ITEM:
long newBookId = db.insert("Book", null, values);
uriReturn = Uri.parse("content://" + AUTHORITY + "/book/" + newBookId);
break;
case CATEGORY_DIR:
case CATEGORY_ITEM:
long newCategoryId = db.insert("Book", null, values);
uriReturn = Uri.parse("content://" + AUTHORITY + "/category/" + newCategoryId);
break;
default:
break;
}
return uriReturn;
}
/**
*
* @param uri
* @param values
* @param selection
* @param selectionArgs
* @return 返回受影响的行数
*/
@Override
public int update(Uri uri, ContentValues values, String selection,
String[] selectionArgs) {
SQLiteDatabase db = dbHelper.getWritableDatabase();
int updatedRows = 0;
switch (uriMatcher.match(uri)) {
case BOOK_DIR:
updatedRows = db.update("Book", values, selection, selectionArgs);
break;
case BOOK_ITEM:
String bookId = uri.getPathSegments().get(1);
updatedRows = db.update("Book", values, "id = ?",
new String[]{ bookId });
break;
case CATEGORY_DIR:
updatedRows = db.update("Category", values, selection, selectionArgs);
break;
case CATEGORY_ITEM:
String categoryId = uri.getPathSegments().get(1);
updatedRows = db.update("Category", values, "id = ?",
new String[]{ categoryId });
break;
default:
break;
}
return updatedRows;
}
@Override
public int delete(Uri uri, String selection, String[] selectionArgs) {
SQLiteDatabase db = dbHelper.getWritableDatabase();
int deletedRows = 0;
switch (uriMatcher.match(uri)) {
case BOOK_DIR:
deletedRows = db.delete("Book", selection, selectionArgs);
break;
case BOOK_ITEM:
String bookId = uri.getPathSegments().get(1);
deletedRows = db.delete("Book", "id = ?",
new String[]{bookId});
break;
case CATEGORY_DIR:
deletedRows = db.delete("Category", selection, selectionArgs);
break;
case CATEGORY_ITEM:
String categoryId = uri.getPathSegments().get(1);
deletedRows = db.delete("Category", "id = ?",
new String[]{categoryId});
break;
default:
break;
}
return deletedRows;
}
@Override
public String getType(Uri uri) {
switch (uriMatcher.match(uri)) {
case BOOK_DIR:
return "vnd.android.cursor.dir/vnd.com.example.databasetest.provider.book";
case BOOK_ITEM:
return "vnd.android.cursor.item/vnd.com.example.databasetest.provider.book";
case CATEGORY_DIR:
return "vnd.android.cursor.dir/vnd.com.example.databasetest.provider.category";
case CATEGORY_ITEM:
return "vnd.android.cursor.item/vnd.com.example.databasetest.provider.category";
default:
break;
}
return null;
}
}
3. 在 AndroidManifest 文件注册内容提供器,并允许外部访问
<provider
android:name=".DatabaseProvider"
android:authorities="com.example.databasetest.provider"
android:enabled="true"
android:exported="true"></provider>
4. 编写 ProviderTest,用来访问 DatabaseTest 的数据库
public static final String AUTHORITY = "com.example.databasetest.provider";
...
switch (v.getId()) {
case R.id.add_data:
Log.d(TAG, "onClick: add_data");
uri = Uri.parse("content://" + AUTHORITY + "/book");
values = new ContentValues();
values.put("name", "A Clash of Kings");
values.put("author", "George Martin");
values.put("pages", 1040);
values.put("price", 22.85);
Uri newUri = getContentResolver().insert(uri, values);
newId = newUri.getPathSegments().get(1);//保留新增数据的 id,过后使用
Log.d(TAG, "onClick: newId = " + newId);
break;
case R.id.query_data:
Log.d(TAG, "onClick: query_data");
uri = Uri.parse("content://" + AUTHORITY + "/book");
Cursor cursor = getContentResolver().query(uri, null,
null, null, null);
if (cursor != null) {
StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder();
while (cursor.moveToNext()) {
String name = cursor.getString(cursor.getColumnIndex("name"));
String author = cursor.getString(cursor.getColumnIndex("author"));
int pages = cursor.getInt(cursor.getColumnIndex("pages"));
double price = cursor.getDouble(cursor.getColumnIndex("price"));
builder.append("book name is " + name + "\n");
builder.append("book author is " + author + "\n");
builder.append("book pages is " + pages + "\n");
builder.append("book price is " + price + "\n\n");
}
queryResult.setText(builder.toString());
cursor.close();
}
break;
case R.id.update_data:
uri = Uri.parse("content://" + AUTHORITY + "/book/" + newId);
values = new ContentValues();
values.put("name", "A Storm of Swords");
values.put("pages", 1216);
values.put("price", 24.05);
getContentResolver().update(uri, values, null, null);
break;
case R.id.delete_data:
uri = Uri.parse("content://" + AUTHORITY + "/book/" + newId);
getContentResolver().delete(uri, null, null);
break;
default:
break;
}
比如查询,先执行按钮下的查询操作 getContentResolver().query 这一句,跳转到 DatabaseTest 项目中的 DatabaseProvider 类中,执行 query() 方法,在里面进行数据库查询然后返回 cursor。
演示:首先在 DatabaseTest 创建数据库,然后退出,到 ProviderTest 中对数据库执行增删改查操作。