OpenCV（10）图像直方图、后投影、简单数字识别 C++

1.图像直方图

直方图简单来说就是图像中每个像素值的个数统计，比如说一副灰度图中像素值为0的有多少个，1的有多少个……直方图是一种分析图像的手段：

1.1.（cv :: calcHist）计算直方图

CV_EXPORTS void calcHist( const Mat* images, int nimages,
                          const int* channels, InputArray mask,
                          OutputArray hist, int dims, const int* histSize,
                          const float** ranges, bool uniform = true, bool accumulate = false );

• images：要计算的原图，以方括号的形式传入，如：[img]
• nimages：源图像的数目
• channels：维度通道序列，第一幅图像的通道标号从0~image[0].channels()-1。Image[0]表示图像数组中的第一幅图像，channels（）表示该图像的通道数量。同理，图像阵列中的第二幅图像，通道标号从image[0].channerls()开始，到image[1].channels()-1为止；第三、四幅图像的通道标号顺序依此类推；也就是说图像阵列中的所有图像的通道根据图像排列顺序，排成一个通道队列。
• mask：可选择的mask。如果该矩阵不空的话，它必须是一个8-bit的矩阵，与images[i]同尺寸。在图像中，只有被mask覆盖的区域的像素才参与直方图统计。如果这个参数想用默认值，输入Mat()就可以了。
• hist：输出直方图， 它是一个稠密或稀疏矩阵，具有dims个维度；
• dims：直方图的维度，一定是正值， CV_MAX_DIMS（当前OpenCV版本是32个）；
• histSize：数组，即histSize[i]表示第i个维度上bin的个数；这里的维度可以理解为通道。
• ranges：当uniform=true时，ranges是多个二元数组组成的数组；当uniform=false时，ranges是多元数组组成的数组。当在每个维度（或通道）上每个直方条等宽时，即uniform=true时，灰度值的有效统计范围的下界用L0表示，上界用UhistSize[i]-1表示，角标中的i表示第i个维度（或通道），上下界值可以表示为hrange[i]={L0, UhistSize[i]-1}, 在统计时， L0和UhistSize[i]-1不在统计范围内。而ranges={hrange[0], hrange[1], …… , hrange[dims]}。ranges的元素个数由参数dims决定。其中，L0表示在该通道上第0个直方条（bin）的下边界，UhistSize[i]-1表示最后一个直方条histSize[i]-1的上边界。在该维度上直方条的个数为histSize[i]，如hrange[0]={L0, UhistSize[0]},hrange[1]={ L1, UhistSize[1]},hrange[2]={ L2,UhistSize[2]}, …… , hrange[dims]={ L0, UhistSize[0]}。
  当uniform=false时，ranges中的每个元素ranges[i]都是一个多元数组，元素个数为histSize[i]+1，它们分别是：L0, U0=L1, U1= L2, …… ,UhistSize[i]-2 , LhistSize[i]-1 , UhistSize[i]-1。所以，ranges[i]={ L0 , L1, L2, …… , LhistSize[i]-1 ,UhistSize[i]-1}
• uniform：标识，用于说明直方条bin是否是均匀等宽的。
• accumulate：累积标识。如果该项设置，当直方图重新分配时，直方图在开始清零。这个特征可以使你通过几幅图像，累积计算一个简单的直方图，或者及时更新直方图。

#include <opencv2\opencv.hpp>
#include <iostream>

using namespace cv;
using namespace std;

const int bins = 256;
Mat src;
const char* winTitle = “input image”;
void showHistogram();
void drawHistogram(Mat& image);

int main(int argc, char argv)
{
src = imread("…/data/test6.jpg");
if (src.empty())
{
printf(“Could not load image…\n”);
return 0;
}
cvtColor(src, src, COLOR_BGR2GRAY); // 转为灰度图
namedWindow(winTitle, WINDOW_AUTOSIZE);
imshow(winTitle, src);
drawHistogram(src);
waitKey(0);
return 0;
}

void drawHistogram(Mat& image)
{
//定义参数变量
const int channels[1] = { 0 };
const int bins[1] = { 256 };
float hranges[2] = { 0,255 };
const float ranges[1] = { hranges };
int dims = image.channels();
if (dims == 3)
{
vector<Mat> bgr_plane;
split(src, bgr_plane);
Mat b_hist;
Mat g_hist;
Mat r_hist;
//计算Blue，Green，Red通道的直方图
calcHist(&bgr_plane[0], 1, 0, Mat(), b_hist, 1, bins, ranges);
calcHist(&bgr_plane[1], 1, 0, Mat(), g_hist, 1, bins, ranges);
calcHist(&bgr_plane[2], 1, 0, Mat(), r_hist, 1, bins, ranges);
//显示直方图
int hist_w = 512;
int hist_h = 400;
int bin_w = cvRound((double)hist_w / bins[0]);
Mat histImage = Mat::zeros(hist_h, hist_w, CV_8UC3);
//归一化直方图数据
normalize(b_hist, b_hist, 0, histImage.rows, NORM_MINMAX, -1, Mat());
normalize(g_hist, g_hist, 0, histImage.rows, NORM_MINMAX, -1, Mat());
normalize(r_hist, r_hist, 0, histImage.rows, NORM_MINMAX, -1, Mat());
// 绘制直方图曲线
for (int i = 1; i < bins[0]; i++) {
line(histImage, Point(bin_w (i - 1), hist_h - cvRound(b_hist.at<float>(i - 1))),
Point(bin_w (i), hist_h - cvRound(b_hist.at<float>(i))), Scalar(255, 0, 0), 2, 8, 0);
line(histImage, Point(bin_w (i - 1), hist_h - cvRound(g_hist.at<float>(i - 1))),
Point(bin_w (i), hist_h - cvRound(g_hist.at<float>(i))), Scalar(0, 255, 0), 2, 8, 0);
line(histImage, Point(bin_w (i - 1), hist_h - cvRound(r_hist.at<float>(i - 1))),
Point(bin_w (i), hist_h - cvRound(r_hist.at<float>(i))), Scalar(0, 0, 255), 2, 8, 0);
}
// 显示直方图
namedWindow(“Histogram Demo”, WINDOW_AUTOSIZE);
imshow(“Histogram Demo”, histImage);
}
else {
Mat hist;
// 计算Blue, Green, Red通道的直方图
calcHist(&image, 1, 0, Mat(), hist, 1, bins, ranges);
// 显示直方图
int hist_w = 512;
int hist_h = 400;
int bin_w = cvRound((double)hist_w / bins[0]);
Mat histImage = Mat::zeros(hist_h, hist_w, CV_8UC3);
// 归一化直方图数据
normalize(hist, hist, 0, histImage.rows, NORM_MINMAX, -1, Mat());
// 绘制直方图曲线
for (int i = 1; i < bins[0]; i++) {
line(histImage, Point(bin_w (i - 1), hist_h - cvRound(hist.at<float>(i - 1))),
Point(bin_w * (i), hist_h - cvRound(hist.at<float>(i))), Scalar(0, 255, 0), 2, 8, 0);
}
// 显示直方图
namedWindow(“Histogram Demo”, WINDOW_AUTOSIZE);
imshow(“Histogram Demo”, histImage);
}
}

void showHistogram() {
// 三通道分离
vector<Mat> bgr_plane;
split(src, bgr_plane);
// 定义参数变量
const int channels[1] = { 0 };
const int bins[1] = { 256 };
float hranges[2] = { 0,255 };
const float ranges[1] = { hranges };
Mat b_hist;
Mat g_hist;
Mat r_hist;
// 计算Blue, Green, Red通道的直方图
calcHist(&bgr_plane[0], 1, 0, Mat(), b_hist, 1, bins, ranges);
calcHist(&bgr_plane[1], 1, 0, Mat(), g_hist, 1, bins, ranges);
calcHist(&bgr_plane[2], 1, 0, Mat(), r_hist, 1, bins, ranges);
// 显示直方图
int hist_w = 512;
int hist_h = 400;
int bin_w = cvRound((double)hist_w / bins[0]);
Mat histImage = Mat::zeros(hist_h, hist_w, CV_8UC3);
// 归一化直方图数据
normalize(b_hist, b_hist, 0, histImage.rows, NORM_MINMAX, -1, Mat());
normalize(g_hist, g_hist, 0, histImage.rows, NORM_MINMAX, -1, Mat());
normalize(r_hist, r_hist, 0, histImage.rows, NORM_MINMAX, -1, Mat());
// 绘制直方图曲线
for (int i = 1; i < bins[0]; i++) {
line(histImage, Point(bin_w (i - 1), hist_h - cvRound(b_hist.at<float>(i - 1))),
Point(bin_w (i), hist_h - cvRound(b_hist.at<float>(i))), Scalar(255, 0, 0), 2, 8, 0);
line(histImage, Point(bin_w (i - 1), hist_h - cvRound(g_hist.at<float>(i - 1))),
Point(bin_w (i), hist_h - cvRound(g_hist.at<float>(i))), Scalar(0, 255, 0), 2, 8, 0);
line(histImage, Point(bin_w (i - 1), hist_h - cvRound(r_hist.at<float>(i - 1))),
Point(bin_w * (i), hist_h - cvRound(r_hist.at<float>(i))), Scalar(0, 0, 255), 2, 8, 0);
}
// 显示直方图
namedWindow(“Histogram Demo”, WINDOW_AUTOSIZE);
imshow(“Histogram Demo”, histImage);
}

执行结果：

1.2.（cv :: equalizeHist）直方图均衡化

void equalizeHist(InputArray src, OutputArray dst);

• src：输入图像，即源图像，填 Mat 类的对象即可，但需要为 8 位单通道的图像。
• dst：输出结果，需要和源图像有一样的尺寸和类型。

#include <opencv2\opencv.hpp>
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;
using namespace cv;

int main(int argc, char argv)
{
Mat src = imread(“E:…/data/test3.jpg”);
if (src.empty())
{
printf(“Could not load image…\n”);
return -1;
}
namedWindow(“input”, WINDOW_AUTOSIZE);
Mat gray, dst;
cvtColor(src, gray, COLOR_BGR2GRAY);
imshow(“input”, gray);
equalizeHist(gray, dst);
imshow(“eq”, dst);

<span class="token function">waitKey</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

}

执行结果：

1.3.均衡化后图片的直方图:

int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
    src = imread("../data/test6.jpg");
    if (src.empty())
    {
        printf("Could not load image..\n");
        return 0;
    }
    cvtColor(src, src, COLOR_BGR2GRAY); // 转为灰度图
    namedWindow(winTitle, WINDOW_AUTOSIZE);
    //imshow(winTitle, src);
    Mat gray, dst;
    equalizeHist(src, dst);  
    imshow("equalizeHist image", dst);
    drawHistogram(dst);
    waitKey(0);
    return 0;
}

1.4.图像直方图比较

图像直方图比较，就是比较两幅图像的直方图数据，比较两组数据的相似性，从而得到两幅图像之间的相似程度，直方图比较在早期的CBIR(基于内容的图像检索Content-based image retrieval)是较常应用的技术手段，通常结合边缘处理、词袋模型等技术一起使用。

词袋模型（英语：Bag-of-words model）是个在自然语言处理和信息检索(IR)下被简化的表达模型。此模型下，一段文本（比如一个句子或是一个文档）可以用一个装着这些词的袋子来表示，这种表示方式不考虑文法以及词的顺序。最近词袋模型也被应用在计算机视觉领域。

词袋模型被广泛应用在文件分类，词出现的频率可以用来当作训练分类器的特征。

double compareHist(InputArray H1, InputArray H2, int method);

• H1，H2：是要进行比较的直方图。
• method：比较方法。有如下选择：
  

#include<opencv2\opencv.hpp>
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;
using namespace cv;

int main(int argc, char argv)
{
//load the image
Mat src1 = imread("…/data/test3.jpg");
Mat src2 = imread("…/data/test6.jpg");
Mat src3 = imread("…/data/test2.jpg");
Mat src4 = imread("…/data/test5.jpg");
//show the image
imshow(“input1”, src1);
imshow(“input2”, src2);
imshow(“input3”, src3);
imshow(“input4”, src4);
//convert hte HSV to BGR
Mat hsv1, hsv2, hsv3, hsv4;
cvtColor(src1, hsv1, COLOR_BGR2HSV);
cvtColor(src2, hsv2, COLOR_BGR2HSV);
cvtColor(src3, hsv3, COLOR_BGR2HSV);
cvtColor(src4, hsv4, COLOR_BGR2HSV);
//calculate the hist
int h_bins = 60;
int s_bins = 64;
int histSize[] = { h_bins,s_bins };
float h_ranges[] = { 0,180 };
float s_ranges[] = { 0,255 };
const float* ranges[] = { h_ranges,s_ranges };
int channels[] = { 0,1 };
Mat hist1, hist2, hist3, hist4;
calcHist(&hsv1, 1, channels, Mat(), hist1, 2, histSize, ranges, true, false);
calcHist(&hsv2, 1, channels, Mat(), hist2, 2, histSize, ranges, true, false);
calcHist(&hsv3, 1, channels, Mat(), hist3, 2, histSize, ranges, true, false);
calcHist(&hsv4, 1, channels, Mat(), hist4, 2, histSize, ranges, true, false);

<span class="token function">normalize</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>hist1<span class="token punctuation">,</span> hist1<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> NORM_MINMAX<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token function">Mat</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token function">normalize</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>hist2<span class="token punctuation">,</span> hist2<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> NORM_MINMAX<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token function">Mat</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token function">normalize</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>hist3<span class="token punctuation">,</span> hist3<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> NORM_MINMAX<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token function">Mat</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token function">normalize</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>hist4<span class="token punctuation">,</span> hist4<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> NORM_MINMAX<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token function">Mat</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

<span class="token keyword">for</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">int</span> i <span class="token operator">&#61;</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> i <span class="token operator">&lt;</span> <span class="token number">4</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> i<span class="token operator">&#43;&#43;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
    <span class="token keyword">int</span> compare_method <span class="token operator">&#61;</span> i<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token keyword">double</span> src1_src2 <span class="token operator">&#61;</span> <span class="token function">compareHist</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>hist1<span class="token punctuation">,</span> hist2<span class="token punctuation">,</span> compare_method<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token keyword">double</span> src3_src4 <span class="token operator">&#61;</span> <span class="token function">compareHist</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>hist3<span class="token punctuation">,</span> hist4<span class="token punctuation">,</span> compare_method<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token function">printf</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&#34; Method [%d]: src1_src2: %f,  src3_src4: %f,\n&#34;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> i<span class="token punctuation">,</span> src1_src2<span class="token punctuation">,</span> src3_src4<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token function">waitKey</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

}

2.后投影

2.1.（cv :: mixChannels ）通道复制

mixChannels 主要就是把输入的图像（或图像集）的某些通道拆分复制给对应的输出图像（或图像集）的某些通道中，其中的对应关系由 fromTo 参数制定。

void mixChannels(const Mat* src, size_t nsrcs, Mat* dst, size_t ndsts, const int* fromTo, size_to npairs);

• src，输入的图像或图像集，需要有相同的尺寸和深度。
• nsrcs，输入图像个数。
• dst，输出图像，所有图像必须被初始化，且大小和深度必须与 src[0] 相同。
• ndsts，输出图像个数。
• fromTo，输入图像通道与输出图像通道的对应关系。
• npairs，fromTo 的索引数，即有几个 fromTo。

2.2.（cv :: createTrackbar）创建轨迹条

创建一个可以调整数值的轨迹条，并将轨迹条附加到指定的窗口上，使用起来很方便。

int createTrackbar(const String& trackbarname, const String& winname,
                              int* value, int count,
                              TrackbarCallback onChange = 0,
                              void* userdata = 0);

• trackbarname：表示轨迹条的名字，用来代表我们创建的轨迹条。
• winname：填窗口的名字，表示这个轨迹条会依附到哪个窗口上，即对应namedWindow（）创建窗口时填的某一个窗口名。
• value：一个指向整型的指针，表示滑块的位置。并且在创建时，滑块的初始位置就是该变量当前的值。
• count：表示滑块可以达到的最大位置的值。PS:滑块最小的位置的值始终为0。
• onChange：首先注意他有默认值0。这是一个指向回调函数的指针，每次滑块位置改变时，这个函数都会进行回调。并且这个函数的原型必须为void
  XXXX(int,void*);其中第一个参数是轨迹条的位置，第二个参数是用户数据（看下面的第六个参数）。如果回调是NULL指针，表示没有回调函数的调用，仅第三个参数value有变化。
• userdata：他也有默认值0。这个参数是用户传给回调函数的数据，用来处理轨迹条事件。如果使用的第三个参数value实参是全局变量的话，完全可以不去管这个userdata参数。

#include "opencv2/imgproc.hpp"
#include "opencv2/imgcodecs.hpp"
#include "opencv2/highgui.hpp"
#include <iostream>
using namespace cv;
using namespace std;

Mat hue;
int bins = 25;
void Hist_and_Backproj(int, void*);

int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
Mat src = imread("…/data/test6.jpg");
if (src.empty())
{
cout << “Could not open or find the image!\n” << endl;
cout << “Usage: " << argv[0] << " <Input image>” << endl;
return -1;
}

Mat hsv<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token function">cvtColor</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>src<span class="token punctuation">,</span> hsv<span class="token punctuation">,</span> COLOR_BGR2HSV<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

<span class="token comment">//! [Use only the Hue value]</span>
hue<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">create</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>hsv<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">size</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> hsv<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">depth</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token keyword">int</span> ch<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token operator">&#61;</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">0</span> <span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token function">mixChannels</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>hsv<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token operator">&amp;</span>hue<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> ch<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>   <span class="token comment">//通道复制 </span>
<span class="token comment">//! [Create Trackbar to enter the number of bins]</span>
<span class="token keyword">const</span> <span class="token keyword">char</span><span class="token operator">*</span> window_image <span class="token operator">&#61;</span> <span class="token string">&#34;Source image&#34;</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token function">namedWindow</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>window_image<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token function">createTrackbar</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&#34;* Hue  bins: &#34;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> window_image<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token operator">&amp;</span>bins<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">180</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> Hist_and_Backproj<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token function">Hist_and_Backproj</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token function">imshow</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>window_image<span class="token punctuation">,</span> src<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token function">waitKey</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

}
void Hist_and_Backproj(int, void)
{
int histSize = MAX(bins, 2);
float hue_range[] = { 0, 180 };
const float ranges = { hue_range };
//获取直方图并进行归一化
Mat hist;
calcHist(&hue, 1, 0, Mat(), hist, 1, &histSize, &ranges, true, false);
normalize(hist, hist, 0, 255, NORM_MINMAX, -1, Mat());
//得到投影
Mat backproj;
calcBackProject(&hue, 1, 0, hist, backproj, &ranges, 1, true);

<span class="token comment">//画出backproj</span>
<span class="token function">imshow</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&#34;BackProj&#34;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> backproj<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token comment">//画柱状图</span>
<span class="token keyword">int</span> w <span class="token operator">&#61;</span> <span class="token number">400</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> h <span class="token operator">&#61;</span> <span class="token number">400</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token keyword">int</span> bin_w <span class="token operator">&#61;</span> <span class="token function">cvRound</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">double</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>w <span class="token operator">/</span> histSize<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
Mat histImg <span class="token operator">&#61;</span> Mat<span class="token operator">::</span><span class="token function">zeros</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>h<span class="token punctuation">,</span> w<span class="token punctuation">,</span> CV_8UC3<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

<span class="token keyword">for</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">int</span> i <span class="token operator">&#61;</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> i <span class="token operator">&lt;</span> bins<span class="token punctuation">;</span> i<span class="token operator">&#43;&#43;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
    <span class="token function">rectangle</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>histImg<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token function">Point</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>i <span class="token operator">*</span> bin_w<span class="token punctuation">,</span> h<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token function">Point</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>i <span class="token operator">&#43;</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">*</span> bin_w<span class="token punctuation">,</span> h <span class="token operator">-</span> <span class="token function">cvRound</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>hist<span class="token punctuation">.</span>at<span class="token operator">&lt;</span><span class="token keyword">float</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>i<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">*</span> h <span class="token operator">/</span> <span class="token number">255.0</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
        <span class="token function">Scalar</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">255</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> FILLED<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token function">imshow</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&#34;Histogram&#34;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> histImg<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

}

执行结果：

3.数字识别

CV_EXPORTS_W Rect boundingRect( InputArray array );

3.1.简单数字识别

#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
#include <opencv2/opencv.hpp>
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;
using namespace cv;

class myRect
{
public:
myRect() { }
~myRect() { }
myRect(Rect& temp) :myRc(temp) { }
//比较矩形左上角的横坐标，以便排序
bool operator<(myRect& rect)
{
if (this->myRc.x < rect.myRc.x)
{
return true;
}
else
{
return false;
}
}
//重载赋值运算符
myRect operator=(myRect& rect)
{
this->myRc = rect.myRc;
return *this;
}
//获取矩形
Rect getRect()
{
return myRc;
}
private:
Rect myRc;//存放矩形
};

//求图片的像素和
int getPiexSum(Mat& image)
{
int sum = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < image.cols; i++)
{
for (int j = 0; j < image.rows; j++)
{
sum += image.at<uchar>(j, i);
}
}
return sum;
}

/主函数/
int main()
{
//输入要识别的图片，并显示
Mat srcImage = imread("./image/number3.jpg");
imshow(“原图”, srcImage);
//对图像进行处理，转化为灰度图然后再转为二值图
Mat grayImage;
cvtColor(srcImage, grayImage, COLOR_BGR2GRAY);
Mat binImage;
//若为黑底白字则选择CV_THRESH_BINARY即可
threshold(grayImage, binImage, 100, 255, THRESH_BINARY_INV);
//threshold(grayImage, binImage, 100, 255, THRESH_BINARY);

<span class="token comment">//寻找轮廓&#xff0c;必须指定为寻找外部轮廓&#xff0c;不然一个数字可能有多个轮廓组成&#xff0c;比如4,6,8,9等数字</span>
Mat conImage <span class="token operator">&#61;</span> Mat<span class="token operator">::</span><span class="token function">zeros</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>binImage<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">size</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> binImage<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">type</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
vector<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>vector<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>Point<span class="token operator">&gt;&gt;</span> contours<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
vector<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>Vec4i<span class="token operator">&gt;</span> hierarchy<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token comment">//指定CV_RETR_EXTERNAL寻找数字的外轮廓</span>
<span class="token function">findContours</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>binImage<span class="token punctuation">,</span> contours<span class="token punctuation">,</span> hierarchy<span class="token punctuation">,</span> RETR_EXTERNAL<span class="token punctuation">,</span> CHAIN_APPROX_NONE<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token comment">//绘制轮廓</span>
<span class="token function">drawContours</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>conImage<span class="token punctuation">,</span> contours<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">255</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token function">imshow</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&#34;轮廓&#34;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> conImage<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token comment">//将每个数字&#xff0c;分离开&#xff0c;保存到容器中</span>
vector<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>myRect<span class="token operator">&gt;</span> sort_rect<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token keyword">for</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">int</span> i <span class="token operator">&#61;</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> i <span class="token operator">&lt;</span> contours<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">size</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> i<span class="token operator">&#43;&#43;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
	<span class="token comment">//boundingRect返回轮廓的外接矩阵</span>
	Rect tempRect <span class="token operator">&#61;</span> <span class="token function">boundingRect</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>contours<span class="token punctuation">[</span>i<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	sort_rect<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">push_back</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>tempRect<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token comment">//对矩形进行排序&#xff0c;因为轮廓的顺序不一定是数字真正的顺序</span>
<span class="token keyword">for</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">int</span> i <span class="token operator">&#61;</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> i <span class="token operator">&lt;</span> sort_rect<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">size</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> i<span class="token operator">&#43;&#43;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
	<span class="token keyword">for</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">int</span> j <span class="token operator">&#61;</span> i <span class="token operator">&#43;</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> j <span class="token operator">&lt;</span> sort_rect<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">size</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> j<span class="token operator">&#43;&#43;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
	<span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
		<span class="token keyword">if</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>sort_rect<span class="token punctuation">[</span>j<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token operator">&lt;</span> sort_rect<span class="token punctuation">[</span>i<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
		<span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
			myRect temp <span class="token operator">&#61;</span> sort_rect<span class="token punctuation">[</span>j<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
			sort_rect<span class="token punctuation">[</span>j<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token operator">&#61;</span> sort_rect<span class="token punctuation">[</span>i<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
			sort_rect<span class="token punctuation">[</span>i<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token operator">&#61;</span> temp<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
		<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
	<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>


<span class="token comment">/*加载模板&#xff0c;若没有则需自己新建一个*/</span>

<span class="token comment">//新建,运行一次就好&#xff0c;不过制作模板的材料为0-9十个数字的图像</span>
<span class="token comment">//for (int i &#61; 0; i &lt; 10; i&#43;&#43;)</span>
<span class="token comment">//{<!-- --></span>
<span class="token comment">//	Mat ROI &#61; conImage(sort_rect[i].getRect());</span>
<span class="token comment">//	Mat dstROI;</span>
<span class="token comment">//	resize(ROI, dstROI, Size(40, 50),0, 0, INTER_NEAREST);</span>
<span class="token comment">//	char name[64];</span>
<span class="token comment">//	sprintf(name, &#34;./image/number2/%d.jpg&#34;, i&#43;1);</span>
<span class="token comment">//	imwrite(name, dstROI);</span>
<span class="token comment">//}</span>

<span class="token comment">//加载模板</span>
vector<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>Mat<span class="token operator">&gt;</span> myTemplate<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token keyword">for</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">int</span> i <span class="token operator">&#61;</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> i <span class="token operator">&lt;</span> <span class="token number">10</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> i<span class="token operator">&#43;&#43;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
	<span class="token keyword">char</span> name<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">64</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token function">sprintf</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>name<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">&#34;./image/number2/%d.jpg&#34;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> i<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	Mat temp <span class="token operator">&#61;</span> <span class="token function">imread</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>name<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	myTemplate<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">push_back</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>temp<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token comment">//按顺序取出和分割数字</span>
vector<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>Mat<span class="token operator">&gt;</span> myROI<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token keyword">for</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">int</span> i <span class="token operator">&#61;</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> i <span class="token operator">&lt;</span> sort_rect<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">size</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> i<span class="token operator">&#43;&#43;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
	Mat ROI<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	ROI <span class="token operator">&#61;</span> <span class="token function">conImage</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>sort_rect<span class="token punctuation">[</span>i<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getRect</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	Mat dstROI <span class="token operator">&#61;</span> Mat<span class="token operator">::</span><span class="token function">zeros</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>myTemplate<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">size</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> myTemplate<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">type</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token function">resize</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>ROI<span class="token punctuation">,</span> dstROI<span class="token punctuation">,</span> myTemplate<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">size</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> INTER_NEAREST<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	myROI<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">push_back</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>dstROI<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token comment">//进行比较,将图片与模板相减&#xff0c;然后求全部像素和&#xff0c;和最小表示越相似&#xff0c;进而完成匹配</span>
vector<span class="token operator">&lt;</span><span class="token keyword">int</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span> seq<span class="token punctuation">;</span><span class="token comment">//顺序存放识别结果</span>
<span class="token keyword">for</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">int</span> i <span class="token operator">&#61;</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> i <span class="token operator">&lt;</span> myROI<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">size</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> i<span class="token operator">&#43;&#43;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
	Mat subImage<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token keyword">int</span> sum <span class="token operator">&#61;</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token keyword">int</span> min <span class="token operator">&#61;</span> <span class="token number">100000</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token keyword">int</span> min_seq <span class="token operator">&#61;</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span><span class="token comment">//记录最小的和对应的数字</span>
	<span class="token keyword">for</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">int</span> j <span class="token operator">&#61;</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> j <span class="token operator">&lt;</span> <span class="token number">10</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> j<span class="token operator">&#43;&#43;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
	<span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
		<span class="token comment">//计算两个图片的差值</span>
		<span class="token function">absdiff</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>myROI<span class="token punctuation">[</span>i<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> myTemplate<span class="token punctuation">[</span>j<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> subImage<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
		sum <span class="token operator">&#61;</span> <span class="token function">getPiexSum</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>subImage<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
		<span class="token keyword">if</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>sum <span class="token operator">&lt;</span> min<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
		<span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
			min <span class="token operator">&#61;</span> sum<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
			min_seq <span class="token operator">&#61;</span> j<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
		<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
		sum <span class="token operator">&#61;</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
	seq<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">push_back</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>min_seq<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token comment">//输出结果</span>
cout <span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="token string">&#34;识别结果为&#xff1a;&#34;</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token keyword">for</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">int</span> i <span class="token operator">&#61;</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> i <span class="token operator">&lt;</span> seq<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">size</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> i<span class="token operator">&#43;&#43;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
	cout <span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span> seq<span class="token punctuation">[</span>i<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
cout <span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span> endl<span class="token punctuation">;</span>

<span class="token function">waitKey</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token function">system</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&#34;pause&#34;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

}

执行结果：

完整源码：https://download.csdn.net/download/qq_35831134/19748532