文章目录
Section I Use of English
Directions：
Read the following text.Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A，B，Cor D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)
Happy people work differently.They’re more productive，more creative，and willing totake greater risks. And new research suggests that happiness might influence （1） firmswork，too.
Companies located in places with happier people invest more，according to a recentresearch paper.（2），firms in happy places spend more on R&.D ( research anddevelopment). That’s because happiness is linked to the kind of longer-term thinking （3） for making investments for the future.
The researchers wanted to know if the （4） and inclination for risk-taking that comewith happiness would （5） the way companies invested. So they compared U. S. cities’average happiness （6） by Gallup polling with the investment activity of publicly tradedfirms in those areas.
（7）enough，firms’ investment and R&.D intensity were correlated with the happinessof the area in which they were （8）. But is it really happiness that’s linked to investment，orcould something else about happier cities（9）why firms there spend more on R&D? To findout，the researchers controlled for various （10） that might make firms more likely toinvest—like size，industry，and sales—and for indicators that a place was （11）to live in，like growth in wages or population.The link between happiness and investment generally（12）even after accounting for these things.
The correlation between happiness and investment was particularly strong for youngerfirms，which the authors （13） to“less codified decision making process”and the possiblepresence of“ younger and less （14） managers who are more likely to be influenced bysentiment.”The relationship was （15） stronger in places where happiness was spread more（16）. Firms seem to invest more in places where most people are relatively happy，ratherthan in places with happiness inequality.
（17）this doesn’t prove that happiness causes firms to invest more or to take a longer-termview，the authors believe it at least （18）at that possibility.It’s not hard to imagine that localculture and sentiment would help （19） how executives think about the future.“It surely seemsplausible that happy people would be more forward-thinking and creative and （20） R&-D morethan the average，”said one researcher.
1.[A] why [B] where [C]how [D] when
2.[A] In return [B] In particular [C]In contrast [D] In conclusion
3.[A] sufficient [B]famous [C] perfect [D]necessary
4.[A] individualism[B] modernism [C] optimism [D] realism
5.[A] echo [B] miss [C] spoil [D] change
6.[A] imagined [B] measured [C]invented [D]assumed
7.[A] Sure [B]Odd [C]Unfortunate [D] Often
8.[A]advertised [B] divided [C]overtaxed [D]headquartered
9.[A] explain [B] overstate [C]summarize [D] emphasize
10.[A] stages [B]factors [C] levels [D] methods
11.[A] desirable [B] sociable [C]reputable [D]reliable
12.[A] resumed [B]held [C]emerged [D] broke
13.[A] attribute [B]assign [C]transfer [D] compare
14.[A] serious [B] civilized [C]ambitious [D] experienced
15.[A] thus [B]instead [C]also [D] never
16.[A] rapidly [B]regularly [C]directly [D] equally
17.[A]After [B]Until [C]While [D] Since
18.[A] arrives [B] jumps [C]hints [D] strikes
19.[A] shape [B] rediscover [C] simplify [D] share
20.[A] pray for [B] lean towards [C] give away [D] send out
幸福的人工作方式与其他人不同。他们更有效率，更有创造性，并且愿意承担更大的风险。最近的一项研究表明幸福感也可能影响公司的运营(1)方式。
最近的一项研究论文发现：公司所在地附近的人越幸福，公司的投入就会越多。(2)特别是那些在幸福氛围中的公司会做更多的研究与开发。因为幸福与对未来投资有(3)必要的长远规划有关。
研究人员想了解随幸福而来的(4)乐观精神和冒险倾向是否会(5)改变公司投资的方式。所以他们把盖洛普民意调查公司所(6)测量出的美国城市平均幸福指数与这些地区上市公司的投资活跃度进行对比。
(7)果然，公司的投资和研发强度与公司(8)总部所在地的幸福指数相关。但是幸福真的与投资相关吗?或者说还有其他方面可以(9)解释为什么公司会在幸福指数更高的城市的研发上投入更多吗?为了找到答案，研究人员掌握了各种可能促使公司投资的(10)因素—-—例如规模大小、产业和销量-—也掌握了(11)适宜居住地的各种指标，工资涨幅及人口变化。即使了解这些问题后，幸福和投资之间的关系仍然(12)保持不变。
幸福和投资之间的关系尤其适用于新的公司，这(13)归因于新公司“缺少程式化的决策过程”以及可能会出现“年轻又缺乏(14)经验的管理者在决策时更容易受到情绪的影响”。在员工幸福指数传播更加(16)均衡的公司，这种关系(15)也尤为明显。公司似乎乐于投资那些相对幸福的员工所在的部门，而不是那些有幸福度差异的部门。
(17)然而这并不能证明幸福度使企业投资增加或者眼光更长远，研究者认为这至少(18)暗示了这种可能性。不难想象，当地文化和氛围将有助于(19)影响高管对于未来的看法。“幸福的人比普通人更有远见，创造力、并且比普通人更(20)乐于研发这种说法似乎更可信。”一位研究员说。
1．答案C
考查连词词义辨析。空格所在句的句意是“快乐也可能影响公司的运营XX
”空格处应
该是一个引导宾语从句的从属连词，做influence的宾语。根据语意分析，只有[C]how可将该句译为“快乐也可能影响公司的运营方式”。
2．答案B
考查词组用法和语义逻辑。空格所在句的句意是“拥有更多快乐的员工投人就会更多。
XX，那些在快乐氛围中的公司会做更多的研究与开发。”根据句意可以看出，第二句是第一句的强调说明。四个选项中可以用作强调的只有[B]项In particular(尤其是，特别是)。[A]项In return(反过来);[C]项In contrast(相反);[D]项In conclusion(总的来说)都不符合题意。3．答案D
考查形容词词义辨析。空格所在句的句意是“因为快乐与对未来投资有XX.长远考虑相联系。”空格处搭配介词for，并且修饰“长远考虑”，所以本题答案是[D]项necessary(必要的)。
4．答案C
考查名词词义辨析。空格所在句的句意是“研究人员想了解随快乐而来的xx·xx和冒险精神……”根据句意可知，空格处的内容与“冒险精神”构成并列关系。四个选项只有[C]项optimism(乐观主义)符合句意，其余三项均语义不通。
5．答案D
考查动词词义辨析和搭配关系。空格所在句的句意是“随幸福而来的冒险精神是否会
公司投资的方式。”[A]项echo(回声)、[B]项miss(想念)、[C]项spoil(破坏)、[D]项change(改变)，四个选项中只有[D]项最符合句意，“改变公司投资的方式。”
6．答案B
考查动词词义辨析。空格所在句的句意是“所以他们把盖洛普民意调查公司所____的美国城市平均幸福指数与这些地区上市公司的投资活跃度进行对比。”四个选项中只有[B]项measured(衡量，测量)符合句意，[A]项imagined(想象)、[C]项invented(发明)、[D]项assumed(假定)都不能表达“调查”这种实际情况。
7．答案A.
考查词义辨析和搭配关系。空格出现在段首，前一段指出，民意调查公司将幸福指数与这些地区上市公司的投资活跃度进行对比;空格后又出现"correlated”一词，译为“有关的”。很明显，空格所在句与上一段为递进关系，且能与enough搭配的只有[A]项sure enough(果然)。8．答案D
考查被动形式和语义逻辑。空格所在句的句意是“公司的投资和研发强度与公司xx-xx所在地的幸福指数相关。”其中“in which”引导表示地点的定语从句，先行词为area，四个选项中只有[D]项与area搭配，译为“总部所在地”最符合句意。
9．答案A
考查动词词义辨析和上下文联系。空格所在句的句意是“或者说还有其他方面可以xx
为什么公司会在幸福指数更高的城市的研发上投入更多吗?”四个选项中只有[A]项explain(解释)常与“why"搭配且符合句意。[B]项overstate(夸大)、[C]项summarize(概述)、[D]项emphasize(强调)都不符合句意。
10．答案B
考查名词词义辨析和上下文联系。空格所在句的句意是“为了找到答案，研究人员掌握了各种可能促使公司投资的___——例如规模大小，产业和销量……”，根据上下文可以看出，空格处其实包含了“size，industry，and sales”这三个名词的内容。四个选项中只有[B]项factors(因素)最符合句意，其余三项均语义不通。
11．答案A
考查形容词词义辨析和语义逻辑。空格所在句的句意是“也掌握了_
居住地的各种指
标地方。”[A]项desirable(合适的)、[B]项sociable(善交际的)、[C]项reputable(受尊敬的)、[D]项reliable(可靠的)，根据四个单词的词义和句意，[A]项修饰place符合句意，意为“适宜居住的”。
12．答案B
考查动词词义辨析。空格所在句的句意是“即使了解这些问题后，幸福和投资之间的关系仍然不变”。[B]项held意为“维持，保持”，带入句中符合句意，故答案选[B]项。其余三项均语义不通。
13．答案A
考查动词词组辨析和语义逻辑。空格所在句的句意是“幸福和投资之间的关系尤其适用于新的公司，这xx新公司缺少规范化的决策过程。”"很明显，前后是因果关系且能与to搭配。四个选项中只有[A]项attribute to意为“归因于……”最符合句意。[B]项assign to(把……指派给)、[C]项transfer to(把……传递给)、[D]项compare to(与……比较)都不符合题意。
14．答案D
考查形容词词义辨析和语义逻辑。根据分析，空格前出现 and表并列，说明该空与前面的young并列一同修饰managers，强调“新公司的领导年轻又缺乏 xx”。四个选项中只有[D]项experienced(经验)符合句意。
15．答案C
考查副词词义辨析和语义逻辑。该段首句指出，幸福和投资之间的关系尤其适用于新的公司;空格所在句的句意是“这种关系___在一些地方更加凸显。”很明显，空格所处的句子应表递进关系。四个选项中只有[C]项also符合句意。[A]项thus表结果、[B]项instead表转折、[D]项never意为“从不”，均不符合句意。
16．答案D
考查副词词义辨析。空格所在句的句意是“这种关系在员工幸福指数
_的公司尤为明
显。”给出的四个选项中[A]项rapidly(迅速地)、[B]项regularly(常规地)、[C]项directly(直接地)都不符合语境，只有[D]项equally(平等地，相同的)最为合适。
17．答案c
考查语义逻辑。空格出现在段首﹐前一段指出，公司愿意在快乐的领域里投资。空格所在句的句意是“_这并不能证明是快乐使企业投资增加。”很明显，空格所在句子表转折关系。四个选项中只有[C项While(然而)表转折且符合语境。
18．答案c
考查动词词义辨析和搭配关系。空格所在句的句意是“研究者认为这至少___这种可能性。”由于空格后搭配介词at，结合给出的四个选项，其中[A]项arrives at(到达)、[B]项jumps at(扑向)、[D]项strikes at(袭击)均不符合句意，只有[C]项hints at意为“暗示”符合句意。由文章中的at least和 that possibility说明了这是一种可能，因此应该选择[C]项。
19．答案A
考查动词词义辨析。空格所在句的句意是“当地文化和氛围将有助于___高管对于未来的看法。”给出的四个选项中，只有[A]项shape 与“think about the future”搭配语义通顺，意为“影响未来的看法”。[B]项rediscover(再发现)、[C]项simplify(使简化)、[D]项share(分享)均语义不通。
20．答案B
考查动词词组的词义辨析。空格所在句的句意是“快乐的人会更有远见，创造力、并且比普通人更__研发。”结合给出的四个选项，其中[A]项pray for(祈祷)、[C]项give away
(放弃)、[D]项send out(发出)都不符合句意，只有[B]项lean towards(倾向于)符合句意，意为“善于研发”。
Section ll Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions：
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A，B，C orD. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)
Text 1
It 's true that high-school coding classes aren’t essential for learning computer science incollege. Students without experience can catch up after a few introductory courses，said TomCortina，the assistant dean at Carnegie Mellon’s School of Computer Science.
However，Cortina said，early exposure is beneficial. When younger kids learn computerscience，they learn that it 's not just a confusing，endless string of letters and numbers—but atool to build apps，or create artwork，or test hypotheses. It 's not as hard for them totransform their thought processes as it is for older students. Breaking down problems intobite-sized chunks and using code to solve them becomes normal. Giving more children this training could increase the number of people interested in the field and help fill the jobs gap，Cortina said.
Students also benefit from learning something about coding before they get to college，where introductory computer-science classes are packed to the brim，which can drive the less-experienced or -determined students away.
The Flatiron School，where people pay to learn programming，started as one of the manycoding bootcamps that’s become popular for adults looking for a career change. The high-schoolers get the same curriculum，but“ we try to gear lessons toward things they 'reinterested in，”said Victoria Friedman，an instructor. For instance，one of the apps thestudents are developing suggests movies based on your mood.
The students in the Flatiron class probably won’t drop out of high school and build the nextFacebook.Programming languages have a quick turnover，so the“Ruby on Rails”language theylearned may not even be relevant by the time they enter the job market.But the skills they learn-how to think logically through a problem and organize the results–apply to any coding language，said Deborah Seehorn，an education consultant for the state of North Carolina.
Indeed，the Flatiron students might not go into IT at all. But creating a future army ofcoders is not the sole purpose of the classes.These kids are going to be surrounded bycomputers–in their pockets，in their offices，in their homes—for the rest of their lives. Theyounger they learn how computers think，how to coax the machine into producing what theywant–the earlier they learn that they have the power to do that—the better.
21-细节信息题-找同义替换
21.Cortina holds that early exposure to computer science makes it easier to XX
[A] complete future job training
[B]remodel the way of thinking
[C]formulate logical hypotheses
[D] perfect artwork production
21．答案B
本题是细节题。根据题干关键词Cortina可将答案定位在第二段。该段中指出Cortina认为过早的接触电脑是有益的，紧接着指出当小孩子学习计算机科学，他们就学习了如何去开发手机应用程序，或者创作艺术，或者检验假设。事实上与大孩子相比，转变他们的思维方式并不困难。综上所述，[B]项remodel the way of thinking(改变思维方式)是对原文“transform their thought”的同义替换。故答案选[B]。
22-事实细节题-
22.In delivering lessons for high-schoolers，Flatiron has considered their XX.
[A] experience
[B] interest
[C]career prospects
[D] academic backgrounds
22．答案B
本题是细节题。根据题干可将答案定位在第四段。第四段第二句中 but之后引号中的内容指出“我们试图让课程符合学生兴趣”，表明了该校开设课程的依据是“学生的兴趣”，故答案选[B]。
23-细节信息题-找同义替换-computer language=coding language
23.Deborah Sechorn believes that the skills learned at Flatiron will_.
[A] help students learn other computer languages
[B] have to be upgraded when new technologies come
[C]need improving when students look for jobs
[D]enable students to make big quick money
23．答案A
本题是细节题。根据题干可将答案定位在第五段。第五段最后一句指出：“但他们学到的技能——如何有逻辑性的思考问题并整理出结论—可以应用到任何编码语言中去。”也就是[A]项(帮助孩子学习其他电脑语言)。
24-细节信息题
24.According to the last paragraph，Flatiron students are expected to __
[A] bring forth innovative computer technologies
[B]stay longer in the information technology industry
[C]become better prepared for the digitalized world
[D] compete with a future army of programmers
24．答案C
本题是细节题。根据题干可将答案定位在最后一段。最后一段第三句指出“These kids aregoing to be surrounded by computers…for the rest of their lives.”(这些学生将会一生生活在电脑时代。)对应[C]项的the digitalized world。紧接着第四句继续表明态度，"the earlier… thebetter”(越早学习电脑思维方式越好)。故答案应该选C。
25-猜词题
25.The word“coax”(Line 4，Para. 6) is closest in meaning to _
[A] persuade
[B] frighten
[C] misguide
[D] challenge
25．答案A
本题考查根据上下文猜测生词词义。文章最后一段末句指出：年轻人学习了电脑是如何思考的，如何“coax”电脑来生产他们想要的东西。可知“coax”与“think”同样带有比喻意味。且coax指的是“让电脑生产他们想要的”一种手段或方式。故答案选A。
Text 1
的确，在高中所学的编码课程对于在大学所学习的计算机科学来说一点也不重要。卡内基梅隆大学计算机科学学院的副院长Tom Cortina说，即使是没有经验的学生，在学习了几门入门课程之后，也能跟上进度。
然而，Cortina还说过，早点接触电脑是有益的。当年幼的孩子在学习计算机科学时，他们所学的不仅仅是一串令人头晕的、无休止的字母和数字——而是学习了如何开发应用程序、创造艺术品或者检验假设的一种工具。事实上与大孩子相比，转变他们的思维方式并不困难。把问题分解成小的模块，并运用代码来解决它们已经是很平常的事了。Cortina说，给更多的孩子提供这种训练可以增加对这一领域感兴趣的人数，还可以帮助填补工作岗位的空缺。
在上大学前学生们所学到的编码知识也是有益的，计算机科学导论课程无论在哪里都被挤得满满当当，足以让那些缺乏经验或意志不坚定的学生望而却步。
在Flatiron程序学校，人们付钱来学习编程，该校在建校最初也只是众多编程培训机构之一，而这一培训机构已经使人们不断寻求职业改变成为流行趋势。高中生也上同样的课程，但“我们试图让课程符合学生兴趣”教师Victoria Friedman说。例如，学生们正在开发的一个应用程序，能根据你的心情建议你看哪部电影。
Flatiron程序课上的学生可能不会从高中就辍学并建立下一个Facebook。编程语言的周转期很快，所以当他们进入就业市场时，所学的“Ruby on Rails”语言程序已经错过了恰当的使用时间。但他们学到的技能——如何有逻辑性的思考问题并整理出结论——-可以应用到任何编程语言中去。北卡罗来纳州的一位教育顾问Deborah Seehorn说。
事实上，Flatiron学校的学生不会全都进入IT界。但培养编码人员并不是这一课程的唯一目的。这些学生将会一生被电脑包围—在他们的口袋里，办公室或者家庭生活中。年轻人学习了电脑是如何思考的，如何劝诱电脑来生产他们想要的东西—–他们越早学会这种能力越好。
Text 2
Biologists estimate that as many as 2 million lesser prairie chickens-—-a kind of bird livingon stretching grasslands—once lent red to the often grey landscape of the midwestern andsouthwestern United States.But just some 22，000 birds remain today，occupying about 16%of the species’historic range.
The crash was a major reason the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service(USFwS) decided toformally list the bird as threatened.“The lesser prairie chicken is in a desperate situation，”said USFws Director Daniel Ashe. Some environmentalists，however，were disappointed.They had pushed the agency to designate the bird as“endangered，”a status that gives federalofficials greater regulatory power to crack down on threats.But Ashe and others argued thatthe“threatened”tag gave the federal government flexibility to try out new，potentially lessconfrontational conservation approaches. In particular，they called for forging closercollaborations with western state governments，which are often uneasy with federal action，and with the private landowners who control an estimated 95% of the prairie chicken’shabitat.
Under the plan，for example，the agency said it would not prosecute landowners orbusinesses that unintentionally kill，harm，or disturb the bird，as long as they had signed arange-wide management plan to restore prairie chicken habitat.Negotiated by USFWS and thestates，the plan requires individuals and businesses that damage habitat as part of theiroperations to pay into a fund to replace every acre destroyed with 2 new acres of suitablehabitat.The fund will also be used to compensate landowners who set aside habitat.USFwsalso set an interim goal of restoring prairie chicken populations to an annual average of 67，00obirds over the next 10 years.And it gives the Western Association of Fish and WildlifeAgencies(WAFWA)，a coalition of state agencies，the job of monitoring progress.Overall，the idea is to let “states remain in the driver’s seat for managing the species，”Ashe said.
Not everyone buys the win-win rhetoric. Some Congress members are trying to block the plan，and at least a dozen industry groups，four states，and three environmental groups arechallenging it in federal court.Not surprisingly，industry groups and states generally argue itgoes too far; environmentalists say it doesn’t go far enough.“The federal government isgiving responsibility for managing the bird to the same industries that are pushing it to extinction，”says biologist Jay Lininger.
26-细节信息题-不是在定位句，而是在定位句之前的but
26.The major reason for listing the lesser prairie chicken as threatened is XXX
[A]its drastically decreased population
[B] the underestimate of the grassland acreage
[C]a desperate appeal from some biologists
[D] the insistence of private landowners
26．答案A
本题是细节题。根据题干可将答案定位在第一段。第一段第一句中，生物学家预测的数量是200 万，而在第一段最后一句出现but转折以及关于小松鸡现在真实的剩余数量只有22，000，表明小松鸡的数量急剧的下降。故答案选A。
27-细节信息题
27.The“threatened”tag disappointed some environmentalists in that it XXX
[A] was a give-in to governmental pressure
[B]would involve fewer agencies in action
[C] granted less federal regulatory power
[D] went against conservation policies
27．答案C
本题是细节题。根据题干关键词the“threatened”tag可将答案定位在第二段。第二段第三句说“一些环保主义者感到失望”，第四句解释说他们希望能将小松鸡归为“endangered”(濒临灭绝)这一类型，该类型将会让政府的“crack down”(制裁力度)更加严格。而目前这一期望没有实现。故答案选C。
28-细节信息题
28.It can be learned from Paragraph 3 that unintentional harm-doers will not be prosecuted if they XXX
[A] agree to pay a sum for compensation
[B]volunteer to set up an equally big habitat
[C]offer to support the WAFWA monitoring job
[D] promise to raise funds for USFwS operations
28．答案A
本题是细节题。根据题干可将答案定位在第三段。题干中的“if”是原文中第三段第一句中“as long as”的同义替换。而as long as 之后的内容是说因经营而损害栖息地的个人或企业需要支付一部分赔偿金。故答案选A。
29-细节信息题
29.According to Ashe，the leading role in managing the species is XXX
[A] the federal government
[B] the wildlife agencies
[C] the landowners
[D] the states
29．答案D
本题是细节题。根据题干可将答案定位在第三段。第三段最后一句Ashe 说：“国家始终在物种管理中起到领路者的作用。”由此可知，在物种管理中起领导作用的是“the states”故答案选[D]。
30-作者态度题
30.Jay Lininger would most likely support XXX
[A] industry groups
[B]the win-win rhetoric
[C]environmental groups
[D] the plan under challenge
30．答案C
由Jay Lininger定为到末段最后一句。Jay Lininger说联邦政府把管理鸟类的责任推到一些行业身上，而正是这些行业将鸟类推向了灭绝。由这句话可知，Jay Lininger对这项政策持批判态度，对涉及其中的联邦政府和这些行业也持批判态度。总而言之，Jay Lininger认为对鸟类的保护还不够。所以不应选[B]项和[D]项。由末段第三句可知 industry groups和states认为对鸟类的保护政策行之太过;而环保主义者则认为还不够。显而易见，Jay Lininger认同environmentalists 的观点，反对industry groups 和 states 的观点。故答案选[C]。
Text 2
生物学家估计，多达 200 万只小松鸡—–一种生活在广阔草原上的鸟类–曾经给美国中西部和西南部灰色的土地增添了一抹红色景观。但只有大约22，000 只小松鸡存活至今，仅占该物种历史数量的16%。
这种暴跌就是美国鱼类和野生动物局(USFWS)决定将该鸟类正式列入濒临灭绝物种名单中的原因。USFWS的董事Daniel Ashe 说：“小松鸡正身处绝境当中。”然而，一些环保主义者感到失望。他们曾逼迫该机构将此鸟类定名为“濒危物种”，这样联邦政府就拥有了更大的监管权来打击对该物种的各种威胁。但Ashe和其他人认为“濒临灭绝”标签促使联邦政府更灵活的去尝试新的、尽可能少对抗性的保护措施。另外，他们特别呼吁与西部各州政府及私人土地所有者建立更紧密的合作，因为西部各州政府常常对这种联邦行动感到不安。而私人土地所有者则控制了大约95%的小松鸡栖息地。
例如，该机构表示，根据该计划，将不会起诉那些无意中杀死，伤害或扰乱小松鸡的地主或企业，只要他们签署一系列恢复小松鸡栖息地的管理计划。通过USFWS与各州的协商，该计划规定因经营而损害栖息地的个人或企业需要支付一部分赔偿金，确保每英亩被破坏的栖息地由⒉个新的适宜养殖的栖息地代替。该基金还将用于补偿那些保留栖息地的地主，USFWS同时也设置一个临时目标：在接下来的10年中，将小松鸡的数量维持在年均67，000 只。并授权一个州立机构的联盟——西方的鱼类和野生动物机构协会(WAFWA)来监督进展。总的来说，这个想法是为了让“各州始终在物种管理中起主导作用”Ashe说。
不是每个人都相信双赢的说法。一些国会议员试图阻止这项计划，至少十二个行业团体，四个州和三个环保组织向联邦法院发起挑战。不足为奇的是，行业团体和各州总体上认为该计划行之太过;而环保主义人士则说这远远不够。“政府要把责任推给导致鸟类灭绝的同一批企业，这一做法是加速鸟类的灭绝。”生物学家Jay Lininger说。
Text 3
That everyone’s too busy these days is a cliche. But one specific complaint is madeespecially mournfully ：There’s never any time to read.
What makes the problem thornier is that the usual time-management techniques don’t
seem sufficient.The web’s full of articles offering tips on making time to read：“Give up TV"or“Carry a book with you at all times.”But in my experience，using such methods to free upthe odd 30 minutes doesn’t work. Sit down to read and the flywheel of work-related thoughtskeeps spinning—or else you’re so exhausted that a challenging book’s the last thing you need.The modern mind，Tim Parks，a novelist and critic，writes，“is overwhelmingly inclinedtoward communication… It is not simply that one is interrupted; it is that one is actuallyinclined to interruption.”Deep reading requires not just time，but a special kind of time whichcan’t be obtained merely by becoming more efficient.
In fact，“becoming more efficient”is part of the problem.Thinking of time as a resourceto be maximised means you approach it instrumentally，judging any given moment as wellspent only in so far as it advances progress toward some goal. Immersive reading，bycontrast，depends on being willing to risk inefficiency，goallessness，even time-wasting. Tryto slot it in as a to-do list item and you’ll manage only goal-focused reading—-useful，sometimes，but not the most fulfilling kind.“The future comes at us like empty bottles alongan unstoppable and nearly infinite conveyor belt，”writes Gary Eberle in his book SacredTime ， and“we feel a pressure to fill these different-sized bottles ( days，hours，minutes) asthey pass，for if they get by without being filled，we will have wasted them.”No mind-setcould be worse for losing yourself in a book.
So what does work?Perhaps surprisingly，scheduling regular times for reading. You’d think this might fuel the efficiency mind-set，but in fact，Eberle notes，such ritualisticbehaviour helps us “step outside time’s flow”into“soul time."You could limit distractions byreading only physical books，or on single-purpose e-readers.“Carry a book with you at alltimes”can actually work，too-providing you dip in often enough，so that reading becomesthe default state from which you temporarily surface to take care of business，before droppingback down.On a really good day，it no longer feels as if you’re“making time to read，”butjust reading，and making time for everything else.
31-推断题
31.The usual time-management techniques don’t work because XXX
[A] what they can offer does not ease the modern mind
[B] what challenging books demand is repetitive reading
[C]what people often forget is carrying a book with them
[D]what deep reading requires cannot be guaranteed
31．答案D
本题是推断题。根据题干可将答案定位在第二段。第二段最后一句指出“Deep reading requires not just time，but a special kind of time which can’t be obtained merely bybecoming more efficient.”(深入阅读不仅需要时间，而且是一种特殊的时间，这种时间不是仅仅通过高效率就能获得的)。故答案选D。
32-细节信息题
32.The“empty bottles”metaphor illustrates that people feel a pressure to XXX
[A] update their to-do lists
[B] make passing time fulfilling
[C]carry their plans through
[D] pursue carefree reading
32．答案B
本题是细节题。根据题干可将答案定位在第三段。第三段第五句指出“we feel a pressureto fill these different-sized bottles( days，hours，minutes) as they pass.”这句话中将时间单位天，小时和分钟比喻成了不同大小的瓶子。意思是：当把自己的时间充实起来时，会因没有把时间填满﹑浪费掉而产生压力。故答案选B。
33-态度观点题
33.Eberle would agree that scheduling regular times for reading helps XXX
[A] encourage the efficiency mind-set
[B] develop online reading habits
[C] promote ritualistic reading
[D] achieve immersive reading
33．答案D
态度观点题。根据题干可将答案定位在第四段。第四段第三句说明了，这种行为帮助我们跨人到“灵魂阅读时间”。其中[D]项的“immersive reading”是原文“soul time”的同义替换。故答案选[D]。
34-细节信息题
34.“Carry a book with you at all times”can work if XXX.
[A] reading becomes your primary business of the day
[B]all the daily business has been promptly dealt with
[C]you are able to drop back to business after reading
[D] time can be evenly split for reading and business
34．答案A
本题是细节题。根据题干可将答案定位在第四段。倒数第二句指出“providing you dip inoften enough，so that reading becomes the default state…”(假如你经常沉浸在阅读中，以至于阅读成为一种默认状态)。故答案选A。
35-主旨题
35.The best title for this text could be XXX.
[A] How to Enjoy Easy Reading
[B] How to Find Time to Read
[C] How to Set Reading Goals
[D] How to Read Extensively
35．答案B
本题是主旨大意题。文章第一段转折之后就出现了主旨句“There’s never any time toread。”(从来没有时间去读书)，剩下的段落都在论证深度阅读才是解决之道。另外，关键词time在文中多次出现，因此可确定time为全文的主题词。整篇文章都围绕阅读时间来展开。故答案选B。
Text 3
现如今，每个人都很忙可谓是老生常谈。但有一种抱怨听起来特别的悲哀：总是没有时间去读书。
传统的时间管理方法上的不充分使得这个问题变得棘手。网络上有许多文章都为抽时间读书提供了一些小技巧：“放弃电视”或“随身携带一本书。”，但根据我的经验，用这种方法仅仅腾出的30分钟是没什么用的。坐下来阅读但与工作有关的思维仍在飞速运转，或许你已经感到很疲惫，这时你最不想要的就是一本有难度的书。小说家、评论家Tim Parks写道，现代思维：“绝大多数的人更倾向于交流……这不是简单的打断，实际上，它更像是一种打扰。”深入阅读不仅需要时间，而且是一种特殊的时间，这种时间不是仅仅靠提高效率就能获得的。
事实上，“提高效率”也是问题的一部分。将时间作为一个资源被最大化，这意味你将它作为工具，认为在某一特定时刻只有在有利于向某一目标推进时才算过的有价值。沉浸式阅读，相比之下，取决于人们愿意承担无效率、无目标，甚至浪费时间的风险。像完成任务清单一样，利用时间空当，你只能进行目的性强的阅读，这有时是有用的，但不是最有满足感的那种。“未来对于我们来说就像是传送带上被无限传送的空瓶子。”Gary Eberle在《神圣的时间》一书中写道，“而我的压力来自于要在这些不同大小的瓶子(天、小时，分钟)经过时填满它们，因为如果没有把它们填满，我们将浪费了它们。”这种心态最不利于让自己沉浸在一本书中。
那么怎样做才有效呢?说出来也许令人惊讶，为阅读设定固定的时间。你会认为这可能助长效率性思维设定，但实际上，Eberle指出，这种行为会帮助我们从“走出时间流之外”跨入到“灵魂阅读时间”。你只能通过阅读纸质书籍﹐或专用电子阅读器来避免分心。“随身携带一本书”总是会发挥作用的-—假如你经常沉浸在阅读中，以至于阅读成为一种默认的日常习惯﹐可以偶尔抽身打理一些事务后，再重新沉浸于阅读中。真正美好的一天是：你不会再觉得自己是在“抽时间阅读”，而是阅读让你腾出时间做其他的事情。
Text 4
Against a backdrop of drastic changes in economy and population structure，younger Americans are drawing a new 21st-century road map to success，a latest poll has found.
Across generational lines，Americans continue to prize many of the same traditionalmilestones of a successful .life，including getting married，having children，owning a home，and retiring in their sixties.But while young and old mostly agree on what constitutes thefinish line of a fulfilling life，they offer strikingly different paths for reaching it.
Young people who are still getting started in life were more likely than older adults toprioritize personal fulfillment in their work，to believe they will advance their careers most byregularly changing jobs，to favor communities with more public services and a faster pace oflife，to agree that couples should be financially secure before getting married or havingchildren，and to maintain that children are best served by two parents working outside thehome，the survey found.
From career to community and family，these contrasts suggest that in the aftermath ofthe searing Great Recession，those just starting out in life are defining priorities andexpectations that will increasingly spread through virtually all aspects of American life，fromconsumer preferences to housing patterns to politics.
Young and old converge on one key point：Overwhelming majorities of both groups saidthey believe it is harder for young people today to get started in life than it was for earliergenerations. While younger people are somewhat more optimistic than their elders about theprospects for those starting out today，big majorities in both groups believe those "“just getting started in life”face a tougher climb than earlier generations in reaching such signpostachievements as securing a good-paying job，starting a family，managing debt，and findingaffordable housing.
Pete Schneider considers the climb tougher today. Schneider，a 27-year-old autotechnician from the Chicago suburbs，says he struggled to find a job after graduating fromcollege. Even now that he is working steadily，he said，“I can’t afford to pay my monthlymortgage payments on my own，so I have to rent rooms out to people to make that happen.”Looking back，he is struck that his parents could provide a comfortable life for their childreneven though neither had completed college when he was young."I still grew up in an uppermiddle-class home with parents who didn’t have college degrees，”Schnieider said.“I don’tthink people are capable of that anymore.”
36-细节信息题
36.One cross-generation mark of a successful life is XXX
[A] trying out different lifestyles
[B] having a family with children
[C]working beyond retirement age
[D]setting up a profitable business
36．答案B
本题是细节题。根据题干可将答案定位在第二段。第二段第一句就指出：成功的标志，包括结婚生子、有自己的家庭……故答案选B。[C]项与原文相反，[A]、[D]项是无中生有。
37-细节信息题
37.It can be learned from Paragraph 3 that young people tend to XXX
[A] favor a slower life pace
[B] hold an occupation longer
[C]attach importance to pre-marital finance
[D] give priority to childcare outside the home
37．答案C
本题是细节题。根据题干可将答案定位在第三段。第三段第一句指出“Young people… toagree that couples should be financially secure before getting married or having children…”(年轻人认为夫妻在结婚前或者生小孩前经济上应该是稳定的)。也就是说要有经济保障，故答案选[C]。[A]、[B]、[D]三项的说法都与原文相反。
38-细节信息题
38.The priorities and expectations defined by the young will XXX
[A] become increasingly clear
[B] focus on materialistic issues
[depend largely on political preferences
[D]reach almost all aspects of American life
38．答案D
本题是细节题。根据题干可将答案定位在第四段。第四段第一句指出“…those juststarting… will increasingly spread through virtually all aspects…”(这些期待即将越来越多地渗透到美国生活的各个方面)。也就是说这些期待几乎影响美国生活的所有方面，故答案选[D]。
39-细节信息题
39.Both young and old agree that XXX
[A] good-paying jobs are less available
[B]the old made more life achievements
[C]housing loans today are easy to obtain
[D] getting established is harder for the young
39．答案D
本题是细节题。根据题干可将答案定位在第五段。第五段第一句指出“…it is harder foryoung people today to get started in life than it was for earlier generations.”(与年长者相比，现如今的年轻人维持生计更加困难)。故答案选D。[A]、[B]、[C]三项在文中并未提及。
40-推断题
40.Which of the following is true about Schneider?
[A] He found a dream job after graduating from college.
[B] His parents believe working steadily is a must for success.
[C] His parents’ good life has little to do with a college degree.
[D] He thinks his job as a technician quite challenging.
40．答案C
本题是推断题。根据题干可将答案定位在最后一段。最后一段第四、五句指出：父母即便没有上过大学但仍旧可以为孩子提供舒适的生活。故答案选C。[A]项只在第二句提到，也没有说这个工作是dream work;[B]项在第三句中提到，没有说是父母认为的;[D]项是无中生有。
Text 4
一项最新调查发现，在经济和人口结构剧烈变化的背景下，年轻的美国人描绘了一个21世纪通向成功之路的新地图。
在这个跨时代的时期，美国人仍然将许多传统的生活方式作为成功的标志，包括结婚生子、有自己的家庭并且在60 多岁退休。虽然无论老少，人们都对美满生活的终点线没有分歧，但他们会采取截然不同的路径到达终点。
一项调查发现，与长辈相比，那些刚刚开始生活之路的年轻人更有可能优先考虑有个人成就感的工作，他们更相信经常换工作将推进他们的职业生涯，他们更喜欢有许多公共服务和快节奏生活的社区，他们更认同在结婚或生孩子之前，夫妻应有一定的经济保障，更坚信父母都在外工作才能保证孩子受到最好的赡养。
从职业到社会再到家庭，这些对比表明，在剧烈的大萧条之后，那些刚刚踏入人生旅途的年轻人就被赋予优先策略和预期事宜，而这将越来越多地渗透到美国生活的各个方面，从消费倾向、居住格局到政治领域。
晚辈和长辈都同意一个观点：两个群体中的绝大多数的人会说，与年长者相比，现如今维持生计对年轻人来说更加困难。虽然年轻人在目前的前景上比他们的长辈们更乐观一些，但绝大多数的人都相信与长辈相比，刚起步的年轻人更难攀升至一些标志性的成就，如拥有一份高收入的工作、组建家庭、偿还债务并找到经济适用房，这些“只是刚刚开始”。
Pete Schneider认为当下想要升职更加困难。Schneider，27岁，是一位来自芝加哥郊区的汽车技师，说他大学毕业后好不容易找到一份工作。即使现在工作稳定，他说：“我仍不能负担起每月的按揭付款，所以我不得不将房子租给别人来确保还贷”。回想过去，他认为自己小时候父母即便没有完成高等教育但仍旧可以为孩子提供舒适的生活。“我一直在中上阶层的家庭中长大，而父母都没有大学学位，”Schneider 说“我觉得现在没人能够再这样了。”
Part B
Directions ：
Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheadingfrom the list A-G for each numbered paragraph(41-45).There are two extra subheadingswhich you do not need to use.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)
[A] Be silly
[B]Have fun
[C]Ask for help
[D] Express your emotions
[E]Don’t overthink it
[F] Be easily pleased
[G] Notice things
Act Your Shoe Size，Not Your Age
As adults，it seems that we are constantly pursuing happiness，often with mixed results.Yet children appear to have it down to an art–and for the most part they don’t need self-helpbooks or therapy. Instead，they look after their wellbeing instinctively，and usually moreeffectively than we do as grownups. Perhaps it’s time to learn a few lessons from them.
41.XXXXXX
What does a child do when he’s sad? He cries. When he’s angry? He shouts. Scared?Probably a bit of both. As we grow up，we learn to control our emotions so they aremanageable and don’t dictate our behaviours，which is in many ways a good thing. But toooften we take this process too far and end up suppressing emotions，especially negative ones.That 's about as effective as brushing dirt under a carpet and can even make us ill. What weneed to do is find a way to acknowledge and express what we feel appropriately，and then一again，like children–move on.
42.XXXXXX
A couple of Christmases ago，my youngest stepdaughter，who was nine years old at thetime，got a Superman T-shirt for Christmas. It cost less than a fiver but she was overjoyed，and couldn’t stop talking about it.Too often we believe that a new job，bigger house or bettercar will be the magic silver bullet that will allow us to finally be content，but the reality isthese things have very little lasting impact on our happiness levels.Instead，being grateful forsmall things every day is a much better way to improve wellbeing.
43.XXXXXX
Have you ever noticed how much children laugh? If we adults could indulge in a bit ofsilliness and giggling，we would reduce the stress hormones in our bodies，increase good hormones like endorphins，improve blood flow to our hearts and even have a greater chance offighting off infection. All of which would，of course，have a positive effect on our happinesslevels.
44.XXXXXX
The problem with being a grownup is that there’s an awful lot of serious stuff to dealwith—work，mortgage payments，figuring out what to cook for dinner.But as adults we alsohave the luxury of being able to control our own diaries and it’s important that we schedule intime to enjoy the things we love.Those things might be social，sporting，creative orcompletely random (dancing around the living room，anyone?)—it doesn’t matter，so long asthey’re enjoyable，and not likely to have negative side effects，such as drinking too muchalcohol or going on a wild spending spree if you’re on a tight budget.
45.XXXXXX
Having said all of the above，it’s important to add that we shouldn’t try too hard to behappy. Scientists tell us this can backfire and actually have a negative impact on ourwellbeing. As the Chinese philosopher Chuang Tzu is reported to have said：“Happiness is theabsence of striving for happiness.”And in that，once more，we need to look to the example ofour children，to whom happiness is not a goal but a natural by product of the way they live.
Part B
孩子气一点，不要太成熟作为成年人，我们好像总是在不断追求幸福，但结果却不尽如人意。然而孩子似乎生下来就有这样的天分——在大多数情况下他们不需要励志书或者有关治疗。相反，他们本能地表达他们的幸福，而且通常比我们成人做得更好。也许是时候该向孩子们学习了。
(41)表达自己的情感
当一个孩子悲伤时会怎样?他会哭。当他生气时呢?会喊叫。害怕的时候呢?可能两者兼而有之。当我们长大了，我们学会控制我们的情绪，让他们受我们管理并且不让情绪支配我们的行为，在许多方面上这是一件好事。但是我们常常把这一过程做得很过分，最终选择了压抑情感，尤其是负面情绪。他的效果等同于把灰尘扫在地毯下，甚至可以让我们生病。我们应该找到一种合适的途径，使我们能正视自己的情绪并将它表达出来，那么–—像孩子一样-向前看。
(42)容易满足
两年前，我最小的继女刚满9岁，她收到了一件超人的T恤作为圣诞礼物。虽然衣服的成本不足5镑，但足以令她喜出望外，嘴里不停地说这件衣服。很多时候，我们以为更好的工作、更大的房子和更好的汽车才像灵丹妙药一样使我们得到最终的满足感，但事实是这些东西对我们幸福水平的影响并不持久。相反，每天感激生活中的小事情才是提升我们幸福感的一个好方式。
(43)变得愚蠢
你有注意到一个孩子有多爱笑吗?如果我们成年人可以沉溺于一些愚蠢和咯咯的傻笑声中，我们会减少体内导致压力的荷尔蒙增加，同时提高对身体有好处的激素内啡肽的数量，改善我们心脏的血流量，甚至能更好地抵抗感染。当然，所有这些都将对我们的幸福水平产生积极的影响。
(44)享受生活
一个成年人面临许多严肃的事情等待处理——忙工作，交房贷，还要解决晚餐吃什么的问题。但是作为成年人，我们也享有安排自己日程的奢侈权利，抽出时间享受自己喜欢的东西也是很重要的。无论是社交，运动、创作或完全随机的行为(有人在客厅里跳舞吗?)——都无所谓，只要这些事情能使我们感到愉快，而且不会像过度饮酒或是在预算紧张的情况下还大手大脚的挥霍一样具有负面影响。
(45)不要过度思虑
除了以上所讲的，加上最重要的一点，我们不应该过分追求快乐。科学家告诉我们这样做可能会适得其反，事实上对我们的健康也有负面影响。正如中国哲学家庄子曾经说：“至乐无乐”(不强求幸福即为幸福)。想要达到这种境界，我们应以孩子为榜样，对于孩子来说，幸福不是一个目标，而是他们生活方式中自然产生的副产品。
41.答案D
第二段讨论的重点是孩子表达情绪与成人不同。意在引出成人也应像孩子一样表达情绪。且“emotions”一词在本段中出现了两次。根据这一关键词可以看出答案选[D]项(表达情感)。42.答案F
第42题是文章第三段的标题。第三段指出：一个小女孩因为一个廉价的圣诞礼物就可以高兴，并且很快乐，就是在讲小小的幸福。其中第二句出现的“overjoyed”，意思是“极度高兴的”，与[F]项中的“pleased”是同义替换。答案选[F]项(容易满足)。
43.答案A
从第四段第二句lf we adults could indulge in a bit of silliness and giggling中，可知本段关键词为“silliness and giggling”。故答案选[A]项(变得愚蠢)。
44.答案B
第五段讨论的重点是虽然成人有烦恼，但他们可以按照自己的意愿享受快乐时光。七个选项中能总结第五段的是选项B。
45.答案E
45题是文章第六段的标题。该段整体上是总分的结构，先提出论点再论证。即第一句为主题句，强调“我们不应该急于要求快乐”。最贴近这一主题的是[E项(不要过度思虑)。
Section lII Translation
- Directions：
Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.(15 points)
The supermarket is designed to lure customers into spending as much time as possiblewithin its doors. The reason for this is simple：The longer you stay in the store，the morestuff you’ll see，and the more stuff you see，the more you’ll buy. And supermarkets contain alot of stuff. The average supermarket，according to the Food Marketing Institute，carriessome 44，000 different items，and many carry tens of thousands more.The sheer volume ofavailable choice is enough to send shoppers into a state of information overload. According tobrain-scan experiments，the demands of so much decision-making quickly become too muchfor us. After about 40 minutes of shopping，most people stop struggling to be rationallyselective，and instead begin shopping emotionally—which is the point at which we accumulatethe 50 percent of stuff in our cart that we never intended buying.
Section IV Writing
Part A
47.Directions ：
Suppose you won a translation contest and your friend，Jack，wrote an email to congratulate youand ask for advice on translation. Write him a reply to
1)thank him，and
2)give your advice.
You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use your own name. Use“Li Ming”instead.
Do not write the address. (10 points)
超市的设计就是要诱使顾客尽可能久地待在店内。其理由很简单：你在店里逗留越久，看到的东西就越多，看到的东西越多，买的就越多。而超市里的东西多得很。按食品营销研究院所说，普通超市售卖约44，000种各式货品，而且许多超市的货品还要多出成千上万种。单是可供选择的货品数量就足以让购物者陷入信息超负荷的状态。根据大脑扫描实验，如此之大的决策量带来的负担会很快令我们无法承受。购物约40分钟后，大多数人就不再费心去理性选购，而是开始冲动购物了——就是从这一刻起，我们把本来根本没打算买的那一半东西堆进了购物车。
47.[高分作文]
Dear Jack，
Thank you for your warm congratulation on my winning the translation contest. Inthe letter，you asked me about the skills to do translation，I will try to offer some useful suggestions.
First of all，you should analyze the sentence structure，thus catching the meaning ofthe sentence. Secondly，find the proper words to translate the meaning of the sourcelanguage into the target language. Last but not least，revise your translation at least threetimes to check if there are any mistranslations or missed meanings.
l hope that you can acquire some more understanding of translation via my advice.Wish to see you soon.
Yours sincerely，
Li Ming
Part B
48. Directions：
Write an essay based on the following chart below. In your writing，you should
1)interpret the chart，and
2)give your comments.
You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)
48.[高分作文]
In the above pie chart，it is clearly reflected a survey on travelling has been conductedamong students in a college. According to the data given，the purpose of enjoying the beautiful landscape takes a comparatively large share，accounting for 37%，while that ofrelieving pressure occupies a comparatively large proportion，taking up 33%.The end ofmaking friends，developing independence and others take away 9%，6%，and 15%respectively.
What triggers this phenomenon? It is not difficult to put forward several factorsresponsible for this phenomenon.To start with，with the rapid development of economy，people，including college students，are becoming increasingly wealthy，which enablesthem to afford the the traveling to visit exotic places and discover what this wonderfulworld，and enjoy the charming landscape all around the world，a large proportion ofstudents choose to travel. What’s more，with the ever-accelerating improvement ofeconomy and society is also the ever-increasing work and life pressure.Consequently，thepurpose of relieving pressure ranks the second among all the purposes for folks to travel.
In view of the arguments above，we can conclude that the current phenomenon is ofno surprise.And therefore，it can be predicted that admiring the scenery and alleviatingpressure will still be the main purpose for people to arrange a traveling.
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