学习笔记：网络爬虫的盗亦有道-Robots协议

学习笔记视频-哔哩哔哩

• https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1pt41137qK?p=10
• https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1pt41137qK?p=11&spm_id_from=pageDriver
• https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1pt41137qK?p=12&spm_id_from=pageDriver
• https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1pt41137qK?p=13&spm_id_from=pageDriver

网络爬虫的尺寸

1. Requests 库：
   范围： 爬取网页，玩转网页
   特点： 小规模，数据量小，爬取速度不敏感

2. Scrapy 库
   范围： 爬取网站，爬取系列网站
   特点： 中规模，数据规模较大，爬取速度敏感

3. 定制开发
   范围：爬取全网
   特点：大规模，搜索引擎，爬取速度是关键

网络爬虫的问题

1. [法律风险]服务器的数据是有产权归属，网络爬虫获取数据后牟利将带来法律风险
2. [隐私泄露]网络爬虫可能具备突破简单访问控制的能力，获得被保护数据从而泄露个人隐私
3. [对服务器骚乱]服务器被攻击

服务器的限制爬虫方式

1. 来源审查：判断User-Agent进行限制
   a.检查来访的HTTP协议头的User-Agent域，只响应浏览器或友好的爬虫访问（类似白名单）
2. 发布公告：Robots 协议
   告知所有爬虫网站的爬取策略，要求爬虫遵守

Robots 协议

• Robots Exclusion Standard 网络爬虫排除标准
• 作用：告知哪些可以爬取，哪些不行
• 形式：网站根目录 Robots.txt 文件
  例如百度：https://www.baidu.com/robots.txt

User-agent: * // 任何网络爬虫都应该遵循如下协议
Disallow: /  // 不允许访问百度的任何资源

User-agent: Baiduspider // Baiduspider 爬虫
Disallow: /baidu // 不允许访问/baidu下的文件
Disallow: /s?
Disallow: /ulink?
Disallow: /link?
Disallow: /home/news/data/
Disallow: /bh

User-agent: Googlebot
Disallow: /baidu
Disallow: /s?
Disallow: /shifen/
Disallow: /homepage/
Disallow: /cpro
Disallow: /ulink?
Disallow: /link?
Disallow: /home/news/data/
Disallow: /bh

User-agent: MSNBot
Disallow: /baidu
Disallow: /s?
Disallow: /shifen/
Disallow: /homepage/
Disallow: /cpro
Disallow: /ulink?
Disallow: /link?
Disallow: /home/news/data/
Disallow: /bh

User-agent: Baiduspider-image
Disallow: /baidu
Disallow: /s?
Disallow: /shifen/
Disallow: /homepage/
Disallow: /cpro
Disallow: /ulink?
Disallow: /link?
Disallow: /home/news/data/
Disallow: /bh

User-agent: YoudaoBot
Disallow: /baidu
Disallow: /s?
Disallow: /shifen/
Disallow: /homepage/
Disallow: /cpro
Disallow: /ulink?
Disallow: /link?
Disallow: /home/news/data/
Disallow: /bh

User-agent: Sogou web spider
Disallow: /baidu
Disallow: /s?
Disallow: /shifen/
Disallow: /homepage/
Disallow: /cpro
Disallow: /ulink?
Disallow: /link?
Disallow: /home/news/data/
Disallow: /bh

User-agent: Sogou inst spider
Disallow: /baidu
Disallow: /s?
Disallow: /shifen/
Disallow: /homepage/
Disallow: /cpro
Disallow: /ulink?
Disallow: /link?
Disallow: /home/news/data/
Disallow: /bh

User-agent: Sogou spider2
Disallow: /baidu
Disallow: /s?
Disallow: /shifen/
Disallow: /homepage/
Disallow: /cpro
Disallow: /ulink?
Disallow: /link?
Disallow: /home/news/data/
Disallow: /bh

User-agent: Sogou blog
Disallow: /baidu
Disallow: /s?
Disallow: /shifen/
Disallow: /homepage/
Disallow: /cpro
Disallow: /ulink?
Disallow: /link?
Disallow: /home/news/data/
Disallow: /bh

User-agent: Sogou News Spider
Disallow: /baidu
Disallow: /s?
Disallow: /shifen/
Disallow: /homepage/
Disallow: /cpro
Disallow: /ulink?
Disallow: /link?
Disallow: /home/news/data/
Disallow: /bh

User-agent: Sogou Orion spider
Disallow: /baidu
Disallow: /s?
Disallow: /shifen/
Disallow: /homepage/
Disallow: /cpro
Disallow: /ulink?
Disallow: /link?
Disallow: /home/news/data/
Disallow: /bh

User-agent: ChinasoSpider
Disallow: /baidu
Disallow: /s?
Disallow: /shifen/
Disallow: /homepage/
Disallow: /cpro
Disallow: /ulink?
Disallow: /link?
Disallow: /home/news/data/
Disallow: /bh

User-agent: Sosospider
Disallow: /baidu
Disallow: /s?
Disallow: /shifen/
Disallow: /homepage/
Disallow: /cpro
Disallow: /ulink?
Disallow: /link?
Disallow: /home/news/data/
Disallow: /bh


User-agent: yisouspider
Disallow: /baidu
Disallow: /s?
Disallow: /shifen/
Disallow: /homepage/
Disallow: /cpro
Disallow: /ulink?
Disallow: /link?
Disallow: /home/news/data/
Disallow: /bh

User-agent: EasouSpider
Disallow: /baidu
Disallow: /s?
Disallow: /shifen/
Disallow: /homepage/
Disallow: /cpro
Disallow: /ulink?
Disallow: /link?
Disallow: /home/news/data/
Disallow: /bh

Robots 协议的使用

1. 网络爬虫：自动或人工识别robots.txt，再进行内容爬取
2. 约束性：Robots协议是建议但非约束性，网络爬虫可以不遵守，但存在法律风险