在多体动力学里面有并矢的概念,其实就是一个二阶张量的表达。
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b的并矢积
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ab定义为按下列规则变换任意矢量的变换
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(\mathbf{a b}) \cdot \mathbf{c}=\mathbf{a}(\mathbf{b} \cdot \mathbf{c})
(ab)⋅c=a(b⋅c)
我们可以说明并矢满足张量的定义(加法和数乘):
( a b ) ⋅ ( α c + β d ) = a [ b ⋅ ( α c + β d ) ] = a [ α ( b ⋅ c ) + β ( b ⋅ d ) ] = α a ( b ⋅ c ) + β a ( b ⋅ d ) = α ( a b ) ⋅ c + β ( a b ) ⋅ d \begin{aligned} & (\mathbf{a b}) \cdot(\alpha \mathbf{c}+\beta \mathbf{d})=\mathbf{a}[\mathbf{b} \cdot(\alpha \mathbf{c}+\beta \mathbf{d})] \\ = & \mathbf{a}[\alpha(\mathbf{b} \cdot \mathbf{c})+\beta(\mathbf{b} \cdot \mathbf{d})]=\alpha \mathbf{a}(\mathbf{b} \cdot \mathbf{c})+\beta \mathbf{a}(\mathbf{b} \cdot \mathbf{d}) \\ = & \alpha(\mathbf{a b}) \cdot \mathbf{c}+\beta(\mathbf{a b}) \cdot \mathbf{d} \end{aligned} ==(ab)⋅(αc+βd)=a[b⋅(αc+βd)]a[α(b⋅c)+β(b⋅d)]=αa(b⋅c)+βa(b⋅d)α(ab)⋅c+β(ab)⋅d
为什么说它是一个二阶张量呢。我们可以得到它的分量:
( a b ) i j = e i ⋅ ( a b ) ⋅ e j = e i ⋅ [ a ( b ⋅ e j ) ] = e i ⋅ ( a b j ) = ( e i ⋅ a ) b j = a i b j \begin{aligned} (\mathbf{a b})_{\mathrm{ij}} & =\mathbf{e}_{\mathrm{i}} \cdot(\mathbf{a b}) \cdot \mathbf{e}_{\mathrm{j}}=\mathbf{e}_{\mathrm{i}} \cdot\left[\mathbf{a}\left(\mathbf{b} \cdot \mathbf{e}_{\mathrm{j}}\right)\right]=\mathbf{e}_{\mathrm{i}} \cdot\left(\mathbf{a} b_{\mathrm{j}}\right) \\ & =\left(\mathbf{e}_{\mathrm{i}} \cdot \mathbf{a}\right) b_{\mathrm{j}}=a_{\mathrm{i}} b_{\mathrm{j}} \end{aligned} (ab)ij=ei⋅(ab)⋅ej=ei⋅[a(b⋅ej)]=ei⋅(abj)=(ei⋅a)bj=aibj
有时我们也写作:
( a b ) i j = ( a ⊗ b ) i j = a i b j (\mathbf{a b})_{\mathrm{ij}}=(\mathbf{a} \otimes \mathbf{b})_{\mathrm{ij}}=a_{\mathrm{i}} b_{\mathrm{j}} (ab)ij=(a⊗b)ij=aibj
它的分量的总表达式可以写作:
[ a b ] = [ a 1 b 1 a 1 b 2 a 1 b 3 a 2 b 1 a 2 b 2 a 2 b 3 a 3 b 1 a 3 b 2 a 3 b 3 ] = [ a 1 a 2 a 3 ] [ b 1 b 2 b 3 ] [\mathbf{a b}]=\left[\begin{array}{lll} a_{1} b_{1} & a_{1} b_{2} & a_{1} b_{3} \\ a_{2} b_{1} & a_{2} b_{2} & a_{2} b_{3} \\ a_{3} b_{1} & a_{3} b_{2} & a_{3} b_{3} \end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{l} a_{1} \\ a_{2} \\ a_{3} \end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{lll} b_{1} & b_{2} & b_{3} \end{array}\right] [ab]= a1b1a2b1a3b1a1b2a2b2a3b2a1b3a2b3a3b3 = a1a2a3 [b1b2b3]
它的标架可以表示为: e i e j , i , j = 1 , 2 , 3 \mathbf{e}_i\mathbf{e}_j,i,j=1,2,3 eiej,i,j=1,2,3
列举两个:
e 1 e 1 = [ 1 0 0 ] [ 1 0 0 ] = [ 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ] e 1 e 2 = [ 1 0 0 ] [ 0 1 0 ] = [ 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ] ⋯ \begin{array}{l} {\mathbf{e}_{1} \mathbf{e}_{1}=\left[\begin{array}{l} 1 \\ 0 \\ 0 \end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{lll} 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{lll} 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 \end{array}\right]} \\ {\mathbf{e}_{1} \mathbf{e}_{2}=\left[\begin{array}{l} 1 \\ 0 \\ 0 \end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{lll} 0 & 1 & 0 \end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{lll} 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 \end{array}\right]} \end{array}\\\cdots e1e1= 100 [100]= 100000000 e1e2= 100 [010]= 000100000 ⋯
于是可以并矢(二阶张量)可以写作:
T = T 11 ( e 1 e 1 ) + T 12 ( e 1 e 2 ) + ⋯ + T 33 ( e 3 e 3 ) 即 T = T i j e i e j \begin{array}{c} \mathbf{T}=T_{11}\left(\mathbf{e}_{1} \mathbf{e}_{1}\right)+T_{12}\left(\mathbf{e}_{1} \mathbf{e}_{2}\right)+\cdots+T_{33}\left(\mathbf{e}_{3} \mathbf{e}_{3}\right) \\ \quad \text { 即 } \quad \mathbf{T}=T_{{ij}} \mathbf{e}_{{i}} \mathbf{e}_{{j}} \end{array} T=T11(e1e1)+T12(e1e2)+⋯+T33(e3e3) 即 T=Tijeiej
张量的本质我自我感觉就是标架(一阶张量为 e i \mathbf{e}_i ei,二阶张量为 e i e j \mathbf{e}_i\mathbf{e}_j eiej,高阶以此类推)和坐标(分量)。