前置知识:第二类换元法
题1: 计算 ∫ 1 x + 2 + 1 d x \int\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{x+2}+1}dx ∫x+2+11dx
解:
\qquad
令
t
=
x
+
2
t=\sqrt{x+2}
t=x+2,
x
=
t
2
−
2
x=t^2-2
x=t2−2,
d
x
=
2
t
d
t
dx=2tdt
dx=2tdt
\qquad\qquad 原式 = ∫ 1 t + 1 ⋅ 2 t d t = ∫ ( 2 − 2 t + 1 ) d t =\int\dfrac{1}{t+1}\cdot2tdt=\int(2-\dfrac{2}{t+1})dt =∫t+11⋅2tdt=∫(2−t+12)dt
= 2 t − 2 ln ∣ t + 1 ∣ + C = 2 x + 2 − 2 ln ∣ x + 2 + 1 ∣ + C \qquad\qquad =2t-2\ln|t+1|+C=2\sqrt{x+2}-2\ln|\sqrt{x+2}+1|+C =2t−2ln∣t+1∣+C=2x+2−2ln∣x+2+1∣+C
题2: 计算 ∫ 1 x + 6 3 + 7 d x \int\dfrac{1}{\sqrt[3]{x+6}+7}dx ∫3x+6+71dx
解:
\qquad
令
t
=
x
+
6
3
t=\sqrt[3]{x+6}
t=3x+6,
x
=
t
3
−
6
x=t^3-6
x=t3−6,
d
x
=
3
t
2
d
t
dx=3t^2dt
dx=3t2dt
\qquad\qquad 原式 = ∫ 1 t + 7 ⋅ 3 t 2 d t = ∫ 3 t ( t + 7 ) − 21 ( t + 7 ) + 147 t + 7 d t =\int\dfrac{1}{t+7}\cdot 3t^2dt=\int\dfrac{3t(t+7)-21(t+7)+147}{t+7}dt =∫t+71⋅3t2dt=∫t+73t(t+7)−21(t+7)+147dt
= ∫ ( 3 t − 7 + 147 t + 7 ) d t = 3 2 t 2 − 7 t + 147 ln ∣ t + 7 ∣ + C \qquad\qquad =\int(3t-7+\dfrac{147}{t+7})dt=\dfrac 32t^2-7t+147\ln|t+7|+C =∫(3t−7+t+7147)dt=23t2−7t+147ln∣t+7∣+C
= 3 2 ( x + 6 ) 2 3 − 7 ( x + 6 ) 1 3 + 147 ln ∣ x + 6 3 + 7 ∣ + C \qquad\qquad =\dfrac 32(x+6)^{\frac 23}-7(x+6)^{\frac 13}+147\ln|\sqrt[3]{x+6}+7|+C =23(x+6)32−7(x+6)31+147ln∣3x+6+7∣+C
总结
注意观察被积函数,若被积函数含有 a x + b n \sqrt[n]{ax+b} nax+b或 a x + b c x + d n \sqrt[n]{\dfrac{ax+b}{cx+d}} ncx+dax+b时,一般用幂代换来做。
比如有 a x + b n \sqrt[n]{ax+b} nax+b,则令 t = a x + b n t=\sqrt[n]{ax+b} t=nax+b, x = t n − b a x=\dfrac{t^n-b}{a} x=atn−b,接下来用第二类换元法就可以直接做了。