前置知识:第二类换元法
题1: 计算 ∫ 1 e x − 2 d x \int \dfrac{1}{e^x-2}dx ∫ex−21dx
解:
\qquad
令
t
=
e
x
t=e^x
t=ex,
x
=
ln
t
x=\ln t
x=lnt,
d
x
=
1
t
d
t
dx=\dfrac 1tdt
dx=t1dt
\qquad 原式 = ∫ 1 t − 2 ⋅ 1 t d t = ∫ 1 t ( t − 2 ) d t =\int\dfrac{1}{t-2}\cdot\dfrac 1tdt=\int\dfrac{1}{t(t-2)}dt =∫t−21⋅t1dt=∫t(t−2)1dt
= 1 2 ∫ ( 1 t − 2 − 1 t ) d t = 1 2 ln ( t − 2 ) − 1 2 ln t + C \qquad\qquad =\dfrac 12\int(\dfrac{1}{t-2}-\dfrac 1t)dt=\dfrac 12\ln(t-2)-\dfrac 12\ln t+C =21∫(t−21−t1)dt=21ln(t−2)−21lnt+C
= 1 2 ln ( e x − 2 ) − 1 2 x + C \qquad\qquad =\dfrac 12\ln(e^x-2)-\dfrac 12x+C =21ln(ex−2)−21x+C
题2: 计算 ∫ e x − 1 d x \int \sqrt{e^x-1}dx ∫ex−1dx
解:
\qquad
令
t
=
e
x
−
1
t=\sqrt{e^x-1}
t=ex−1,
x
=
ln
(
t
2
+
1
)
x=\ln(t^2+1)
x=ln(t2+1),
d
x
=
2
t
t
2
+
1
d
t
dx=\dfrac{2t}{t^2+1}dt
dx=t2+12tdt
\qquad 原式 = ∫ 2 t 2 t 2 + 1 d t = 2 ∫ ( 1 − 1 t 2 + 1 ) d t =\int\dfrac{2t^2}{t^2+1}dt=2\int(1-\dfrac{1}{t^2+1})dt =∫t2+12t2dt=2∫(1−t2+11)dt
= 2 t − 2 arctan t + C \qquad\qquad =2t-2\arctan t+C =2t−2arctant+C
= 2 e x − 1 − 2 arctan e x − 1 + C \qquad\qquad =2\sqrt{e^x-1}-2\arctan \sqrt{e^x-1}+C =2ex−1−2arctanex−1+C
总结
观察被积函数,若被积函数含有 e x e^x ex,则令 t = e x t=e^x t=ex,此时 x = ln t x=\ln t x=lnt;若被积函数含有 e x ± a \sqrt{e^x\pm a} ex±a,则令 t = e x ± a t=\sqrt{e^x\pm a} t=ex±a,此时 x = ln ( t 2 ∓ a ) x=\ln(t^2\mp a) x=ln(t2∓a)。