Sylvester结式应用推广

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已于 2024-05-21 13:24:58 修改

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文章标签：算法线性代数矩阵抽象代数

于 2024-05-17 22:12:18 首次发布

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/tianwangwxm/article/details/139013953

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【定理】 设 $R$ 为域，非 $0$ 多项式 $a_{0}x^{m} + a_{1}x^{m - 1} + \ldots + a_{m}、G = b_{0}x^{l} + b_{1}x^{l - 1} + \ldots + b_{l} \in R\lbrack x\rbrack$ ，并且 $\deg(F) = m、\deg(G) = l、m \geq l > 0$ 。则存在多项式 $A_{j}、B_{j}、S_{j} \in R\lbrack x\rbrack$ ，满足 $A_{j}F + B_{j}G = S_{j}$ ，其中 $\deg\left( A_{j} \right) < l - j、\deg\left( B_{j} \right) < m - j、\deg(S) \leq j$ 。

【证明思路】 为了举例说明，不妨设 $m = 6 、 l = 4 、 j = 2$ ，则 $m - j = 4 、 l - j = 2$ 那么仿照Sylvester矩阵构造一个 $\times (m + l - j) = 6 \times 8$ 的辅助矩阵

$\begin{matrix} \begin{pmatrix} a_{0} & a_{1} & a_{2} & a_{3} & a_{4} & a_{5} & a_{6} & 0 \\ 0 & a_{0} & a_{1} & a_{2} & a_{3} & a_{4} & a_{5} & a_{6} \\ b_{0} & b_{1} & b_{2} & b_{3} & b_{4} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & b_{0} & b_{1} & b_{2} & b_{3} & b_{4} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & b_{0} & b_{1} & b_{2} & b_{3} & b_{4} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & b_{0} & b_{1} & b_{2} & b_{3} & b_{4} \end{pmatrix} & \begin{matrix} \left. \ \begin{matrix} \ \\ \ \end{matrix} \right\} & l - j = 2行 \\ \left. \ \begin{matrix} \ \\ \ \\ \ \\ \ \end{matrix} \right\} & m - j = 4行 \end{matrix} \end{matrix}$

经过一系列的初等行变换，也就是模拟辗转相除法之后，该矩阵可变成如下形式(上三角)：

$\begin{pmatrix} b_{0} & b_{1} & b_{2} & b_{3} & b_{4} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & b_{0} & b_{1} & b_{2} & b_{3} & b_{4} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & b_{0} & b_{1} & b_{2} & b_{3} & b_{4} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & b_{0} & b_{1} & b_{2} & b_{3} & b_{4} \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & c_{10} & c_{11} & c_{12} & c_{13} \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & c_{20} & c_{21} & c_{22} \end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix} x^{5} \\ x^{4} \\ x^{3} \\ x^{2} \\ x \\ 1 \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} . \\ . \\ . \\ . \\ . \\ c_{20}x^{4} + c_{21}x^{3} + c_{22}x^{2} \end{pmatrix}$

而对于原来的辅助矩阵，总是有恒等式成立：

$\begin{pmatrix} a_{0} & a_{1} & a_{2} & a_{3} & a_{4} & a_{5} & a_{6} & 0 \\ 0 & a_{0} & a_{1} & a_{2} & a_{3} & a_{4} & a_{5} & a_{6} \\ b_{0} & b_{1} & b_{2} & b_{3} & b_{4} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & b_{0} & b_{1} & b_{2} & b_{3} & b_{4} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & b_{0} & b_{1} & b_{2} & b_{3} & b_{4} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & b_{0} & b_{1} & b_{2} & b_{3} & b_{4} \end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix} x^{5} \\ x^{4} \\ x^{3} \\ x^{2} \\ x \\ 1 \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} x^{l - j - 1 = 1}F \\ x^{l - j - 2 = 0}F \\ x^{m - j - 1 = 3}G \\ x^{m - j - 2 = 2}G \\ x^{m - j - 3 = 1}G \\ x^{m - j - 4 = 0}G \end{pmatrix}$

综上可得：

${E_{1}E_{2}\ldots E_{k}\begin{pmatrix} a_{0} & a_{1} & a_{2} & a_{3} & a_{4} & a_{5} & a_{6} & 0 \\ 0 & a_{0} & a_{1} & a_{2} & a_{3} & a_{4} & a_{5} & a_{6} \\ b_{0} & b_{1} & b_{2} & b_{3} & b_{4} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & b_{0} & b_{1} & b_{2} & b_{3} & b_{4} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & b_{0} & b_{1} & b_{2} & b_{3} & b_{4} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & b_{0} & b_{1} & b_{2} & b_{3} & b_{4} \end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix} x^{5} \\ x^{4} \\ x^{3} \\ x^{2} \\ x \\ 1 \end{pmatrix} }{= \begin{pmatrix} b_{0} & b_{1} & b_{2} & b_{3} & b_{4} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & b_{0} & b_{1} & b_{2} & b_{3} & b_{4} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & b_{0} & b_{1} & b_{2} & b_{3} & b_{4} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & b_{0} & b_{1} & b_{2} & b_{3} & b_{4} \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & c_{10} & c_{11} & c_{12} & c_{13} \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & c_{20} & c_{21} & c_{22} \end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix} x^{5} \\ x^{4} \\ x^{3} \\ x^{2} \\ x \\ 1 \end{pmatrix} }{= E_{1}E_{2}\ldots E_{k}\begin{pmatrix} x^{l - j - 1 = 1}F \\ x^{l - j - 2 = 0}F \\ x^{m - j - 1 = 3}G \\ x^{m - j - 2 = 2}G \\ x^{m - j - 3 = 1}G \\ x^{m - j - 4 = 0}G \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} . \\ . \\ . \\ . \\ . \\ c_{20}x^{4} + c_{21}x^{3} + c_{22}x^{2} \end{pmatrix}}$

观察可得：

$\left| \begin{matrix} b_{0} & b_{1} & b_{2} & b_{3} & b_{4} & 0 \\ 0 & b_{0} & b_{1} & b_{2} & b_{3} & b_{4} \\ 0 & 0 & b_{0} & b_{1} & b_{2} & b_{3} \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & b_{0} & b_{1} & b_{2} \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & c_{10} & c_{11} \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & c_{20} \end{matrix} \right| = c_{20} \times b_{0}^{4}c_{10} = \left| E_{1}E_{2}\ldots E_{k} \right|\left| \begin{matrix} a_{0} & a_{1} & a_{2} & a_{3} & a_{4} & a_{5} \\ 0 & a_{0} & a_{1} & a_{2} & a_{3} & a_{4} \\ b_{0} & b_{1} & b_{2} & b_{3} & b_{4} & 0 \\ 0 & b_{0} & b_{1} & b_{2} & b_{3} & b_{4} \\ 0 & 0 & b_{0} & b_{1} & b_{2} & b_{3} \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & b_{0} & b_{1} & b_{2} \end{matrix} \right|$

$\left| \begin{matrix} b_{0} & b_{1} & b_{2} & b_{3} & b_{4} & 0 \\ 0 & b_{0} & b_{1} & b_{2} & b_{3} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & b_{0} & b_{1} & b_{2} & b_{4} \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & b_{0} & b_{1} & b_{3} \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & c_{10} & c_{12} \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & c_{21} \end{matrix} \right| = c_{21} \times b_{0}^{4}c_{10} = \left| E_{1}E_{2}\ldots E_{k} \right|\left| \begin{matrix} a_{0} & a_{1} & a_{2} & a_{3} & a_{4} & a_{6} \\ 0 & a_{0} & a_{1} & a_{2} & a_{3} & a_{5} \\ b_{0} & b_{1} & b_{2} & b_{3} & b_{4} & 0 \\ 0 & b_{0} & b_{1} & b_{2} & b_{3} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & b_{0} & b_{1} & b_{2} & b_{4} \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & b_{0} & b_{1} & b_{3} \end{matrix} \right|$

$\left| \begin{matrix} b_{0} & b_{1} & b_{2} & b_{3} & b_{4} & 0 \\ 0 & b_{0} & b_{1} & b_{2} & b_{3} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & b_{0} & b_{1} & b_{2} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & b_{0} & b_{1} & b_{4} \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & c_{10} & c_{13} \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & c_{22} \end{matrix} \right| = c_{22} \times b_{0}^{4}c_{10} = \left| E_{1}E_{2}\ldots E_{k} \right|\left| \begin{matrix} a_{0} & a_{1} & a_{2} & a_{3} & a_{4} & 0 \\ 0 & a_{0} & a_{1} & a_{2} & a_{3} & a_{6} \\ b_{0} & b_{1} & b_{2} & b_{3} & b_{4} & 0 \\ 0 & b_{0} & b_{1} & b_{2} & b_{3} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & b_{0} & b_{1} & b_{2} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & b_{0} & b_{1} & b_{4} \end{matrix} \right|$

令

$\frac{c_{20}x^{4} + c_{21}x^{3} + c_{22}x^{2}}{\ \left| E_{1}E_{2}\ldots E_{k} \right|} \times b_{0}^{4}c_{10} = A_{j}F + B_{j}G$

从而可得：

$A_{j}F + B_{j}G }{= \left| \begin{matrix} a_{0} & a_{1} & a_{2} & a_{3} & a_{4} & a_{5} \\ 0 & a_{0} & a_{1} & a_{2} & a_{3} & a_{4} \\ b_{0} & b_{1} & b_{2} & b_{3} & b_{4} & 0 \\ 0 & b_{0} & b_{1} & b_{2} & b_{3} & b_{4} \\ 0 & 0 & b_{0} & b_{1} & b_{2} & b_{3} \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & b_{0} & b_{1} & b_{2} \end{matrix} \right|x^{2} + \left| \begin{matrix} a_{0} & a_{1} & a_{2} & a_{3} & a_{4} & a_{6} \\ 0 & a_{0} & a_{1} & a_{2} & a_{3} & a_{5} \\ b_{0} & b_{1} & b_{2} & b_{3} & b_{4} & 0 \\ 0 & b_{0} & b_{1} & b_{2} & b_{3} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & b_{0} & b_{1} & b_{2} & b_{4} \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & b_{0} & b_{1} & b_{3} \end{matrix} \right|x + \left| \begin{matrix} a_{0} & a_{1} & a_{2} & a_{3} & a_{4} & 0 \\ 0 & a_{0} & a_{1} & a_{2} & a_{3} & a_{6} \\ b_{0} & b_{1} & b_{2} & b_{3} & b_{4} & 0 \\ 0 & b_{0} & b_{1} & b_{2} & b_{3} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & b_{0} & b_{1} & b_{2} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & b_{0} & b_{1} & b_{4} \end{matrix} \right| }{= S_{j}}$

命题得证，其中：

$S_{j} = \left| \begin{matrix} a_{0} & a_{1} & a_{2} & a_{3} & a_{4} & \left( a_{5}x + a_{6} \right)x \\ 0 & a_{0} & a_{1} & a_{2} & a_{3} & a_{4}x^{2} + a_{5}x + a_{6} \\ b_{0} & b_{1} & b_{2} & b_{3} & b_{4} & 0 \\ 0 & b_{0} & b_{1} & b_{2} & b_{3} & x^{2}\left( b_{4} \right) \\ 0 & 0 & b_{0} & b_{1} & b_{2} & x\left( b_{3}x + b_{4} \right) \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & b_{0} & b_{1} & b_{2}x^{2} + b_{3}x + b_{4} \end{matrix} \right| = \left| \begin{matrix} a_{0} & a_{1} & a_{2} & a_{3} & a_{4} & x^{l - j - 1 = 1}F \\ 0 & a_{0} & a_{1} & a_{2} & a_{3} & x^{l - j - 2 = 0}F \\ b_{0} & b_{1} & b_{2} & b_{3} & b_{4} & x^{m - j - 1 = 3}G \\ 0 & b_{0} & b_{1} & b_{2} & b_{3} & x^{m - j - 2 = 2}G \\ 0 & 0 & b_{0} & b_{1} & b_{2} & x^{m - j - 3 = 1}G \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & b_{0} & b_{1} & x^{m - j - 4 = 0}G \end{matrix} \right|$