【定义】
设 F F F是域,非 0 0 0多项式 f 、 g ∈ F [ x ] f、g \in F\lbrack x\rbrack f、g∈F[x],且 deg ( f ) = n 、 deg ( g ) = m \deg(f) = n、\deg(g) = m deg(f)=n、deg(g)=m。则 S y l v e s t e r Sylvester Sylvester矩阵 S S S定义如下:
S = ( f n g m f n − 1 f n g m − 1 g m ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ⋮ f n g 1 ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ⋮ f n − 1 g 0 ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ g 0 g m f 0 ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ f 0 ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ f 0 g 0 ) S = \begin{pmatrix} f_{n} & \ & \ & \ & g_{m} & \ & \ & \ & \ & \ \\ f_{n - 1} & f_{n} & \ & \ & g_{m - 1} & g_{m} & \ & \ & \ & \ \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \ & \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \ & \ & \ \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ & f_{n} & g_{1} & \vdots & \ & \ddots & \ & \ \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ & f_{n - 1} & g_{0} & \vdots & \ & \ & \ddots & \ \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ & \vdots & \ & g_{0} & \ & \ & \ & g_{m} \\ f_{0} & \vdots & \ & \vdots & \ & \ & \ddots & \ & \ & \vdots \\ \ & f_{0} & \ & \vdots & \ & \ & \ & \ddots & \ & \vdots \\ \ & \ & \ddots & \vdots & \ & \ & \ & \ & \ddots & \vdots \\ \ & \ & \ & f_{0} & \ & \ & \ & \ & \ & g_{0} \end{pmatrix} S= fnfn−1⋮⋮⋮⋮f0 fn⋮⋮⋮⋮⋮f0 ⋱ ⋱ fnfn−1⋮⋮⋮⋮f0gmgm−1⋮g1g0 gm⋮⋮⋮g0 ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ gm⋮⋮⋮g0
其中 f f f部分有 m m m列, g g g部分有 n n n列。称 det ( S ) \det(S) det(S)为 f 、 g f、g f、g关于 x x x的结式,记作 r e s ( f , g , x ) res(f,g,x) res(f,g,x)
【定理】
设 F F F是域,非 0 0 0多项式 f 、 g ∈ F [ x ] f、g \in F\lbrack x\rbrack f、g∈F[x],且 deg ( f ) = n 、 deg ( g ) = m \deg(f) = n、\deg(g) = m deg(f)=n、deg(g)=m,则下面三个命题等价:
-
gcd ( f , g ) ≠ 1 \gcd(f,\ g) \neq 1 gcd(f, g)=1
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存在非0多项式 s 、 t ∈ F [ x ] s、t \in F\lbrack x\rbrack s、t∈F[x],使得
s f + t g = 0 sf + tg = 0 sf+tg=0, deg ( s ) < deg ( g ) \deg(s) < \deg(g) deg(s)<deg(g), deg ( t ) < deg ( f ) \deg(t) < \deg(f) deg(t)<deg(f)
- r e s ( f , g , x ) = 0 res(f,g,x) = 0 res(f,g,x)=0
【证明】
1 ⇒ 2 1 \Rightarrow 2 1⇒2:
设 h = gcd ( f , g ) h = \gcd(f,\ g) h=gcd(f, g),那么可以让 s = g h 、 t = − f h s = \frac{g}{h}、\ t = - \frac{f}{h} s=hg、 t=−hf,满足2的结果。
2 ⇒ 1 2 \Rightarrow 1 2⇒1:
由于 s f = − t g sf = - tg sf=−tg,若 gcd ( f , g ) = 1 \gcd(f,\ g) = 1 gcd(f, g)=1,那么 f 、 g f、g f、g互素,必然有 f ∣ t f|t f∣t,但这与 t ≠ 0 t \neq 0 t=0且 deg f > deg t \deg f > \deg t degf>degt矛盾,因此 gcd ( f , g ) ≠ 1 \gcd(f,\ g) \neq 1 gcd(f, g)=1
2 ⇒ 3 2 \Rightarrow 3 2⇒3:
令 d → = ( s m − 1 ⋮ s 1 s 0 t n − 1 ⋮ t 0 ) \overrightarrow{d} = \begin{pmatrix} s_{m - 1} \\ \vdots \\ s_{1} \\ s_{0} \\ t_{n - 1} \\ \vdots \\ t_{0} \end{pmatrix} d= sm−1⋮s1s0tn−1⋮t0 ,那么必然有 S ∙ d → = 0 → S \bullet \overrightarrow{d} = \overrightarrow{0} S∙d=0。因为 d → ≠ 0 → \overrightarrow{d} \neq \overrightarrow{0} d=0,所以 det ( S ) = 0 \det(S) = 0 det(S)=0,也就是 r e s ( f , g , x ) = 0 res(f,g,x) = 0 res(f,g,x)=0。
3 ⇒ 2 3 \Rightarrow 2 3⇒2:
因为 det ( S ) = r e s ( f , g , x ) = 0 \det(S) = res(f,g,x) = 0 det(S)=res(f,g,x)=0,所以存在 d → ≠ 0 → \overrightarrow{d} \neq \overrightarrow{0} d=0使得 S ∙ d → = 0 → S \bullet \overrightarrow{d} = \overrightarrow{0} S∙d=0。
将 S S S分为两部分:
S = [ S f S g ] S = \begin{bmatrix} S_{f} & S_{g} \end{bmatrix} S=[SfSg]
S f = ( f n f n − 1 f n ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ⋮ f n ⋮ ⋮ f n − 1 ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ f 0 ⋮ ⋮ f 0 ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ f 0 ) S_{f} = \begin{pmatrix} f_{n} & \ & \ & \ \\ f_{n - 1} & f_{n} & \ & \ \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \ \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ & f_{n} \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ & f_{n - 1} \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ & \vdots \\ f_{0} & \vdots & \ & \vdots \\ \ & f_{0} & \ & \vdots \\ \ & \ & \ddots & \vdots \\ \ & \ & \ & f_{0} \end{pmatrix} Sf= fnfn−1⋮⋮⋮⋮f0 fn⋮⋮⋮⋮⋮f0 ⋱ ⋱ fnfn−1⋮⋮⋮⋮f0
S g = ( g m g m − 1 g m ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ g 1 ⋮ ⋱ g 0 ⋮ ⋱ g 0 g m ⋱ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ g 0 ) S_{g} = \begin{pmatrix} g_{m} & \ & \ & \ & \ & \ \\ g_{m - 1} & g_{m} & \ & \ & \ & \ \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \ & \ & \ \\ g_{1} & \vdots & \ & \ddots & \ & \ \\ g_{0} & \vdots & \ & \ & \ddots & \ \\ \ & g_{0} & \ & \ & \ & g_{m} \\ \ & \ & \ddots & \ & \ & \vdots \\ \ & \ & \ & \ddots & \ & \vdots \\ \ & \ & \ & \ & \ddots & \vdots \\ \ & \ & \ & \ & \ & g_{0} \end{pmatrix} Sg= gmgm−1⋮g1g0 gm⋮⋮⋮g0 ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ ⋱ gm⋮⋮⋮g0
则 r ( S f ) = m 、 r ( S g ) = n r\left( S_{f} \right) = m、r\left( S_{g} \right) = n r(Sf)=m、r(Sg)=n。
将 d → \overrightarrow{d} d分为两部分:
d → = [ d f → d g → ] \overrightarrow{d} = \begin{bmatrix} \overrightarrow{d_{f}} \\ \overrightarrow{d_{g}} \end{bmatrix} d=[dfdg]
其中 d f → \overrightarrow{d_{f}} df是 m m m维度的, d g → \overrightarrow{d_{g}} dg是 n n n维度的。
由于 S ∙ d → = [ S f S g ] ∙ [ d f → d g → ] = [ S f ∙ d f → + S g ∙ d g → ] = 0 → S \bullet \overrightarrow{d} = \begin{bmatrix} S_{f} & S_{g} \end{bmatrix} \bullet \begin{bmatrix} \overrightarrow{d_{f}} \\ \overrightarrow{d_{g}} \end{bmatrix} = \left\lbrack S_{f} \bullet \overrightarrow{d_{f}} + S_{g} \bullet \overrightarrow{d_{g}} \right\rbrack = \overrightarrow{0} S∙d=[SfSg]∙[dfdg]=[Sf∙df+Sg∙dg]=0
当 d f → = 0 → \overrightarrow{d_{f}} = \overrightarrow{0} df=0时, S g ∙ d g → = 0 S_{g} \bullet \overrightarrow{d_{g}} = 0 Sg∙dg=0,同时又因为 r ( S g ) = n r\left( S_{g} \right) = n r(Sg)=n, S g S_{g} Sg的列向量线性无关,所以 d g → = 0 → \overrightarrow{d_{g}} = \overrightarrow{0} dg=0;同理,当 d g → = 0 → \overrightarrow{d_{g}} = \overrightarrow{0} dg=0时, S f ∙ d f → = 0 S_{f} \bullet \overrightarrow{d_{f}} = 0 Sf∙df=0,同时又因为 r ( S f ) = m r\left( S_{f} \right) = m r(Sf)=m, S f S_{f} Sf的列向量线性无关,所以 d f → = 0 → \overrightarrow{d_{f}} = \overrightarrow{0} df=0。又因为 d → ≠ 0 → \overrightarrow{d} \neq \overrightarrow{0} d=0,所以 d f → ≠ 0 → 、 d g → ≠ 0 → \overrightarrow{d_{f}} \neq \overrightarrow{0}、\overrightarrow{d_{g}} \neq \overrightarrow{0} df=0、dg=0。让向量 d f → \overrightarrow{d_{f}} df组成 s s s的系数,向量 d g → \overrightarrow{d_{g}} dg组成 t t t的系数,从而找到非0多项式 s 、 t ∈ F [ x ] s、t \in F\lbrack x\rbrack s、t∈F[x],满足2的结论。