学习目标:
学习内容:
1.STL相关概念
C++面向对象和泛型编程思想,目的就是为了提升代码的复用性,建立数据结构和算法的一套标准,从而诞生了STL(Standard Template Library)。
STL从广义上分为:容器、算法和迭代器。容器和算法通过迭代器进行无缝连接,STL中几乎所有的代码都采用了模板类和模板函数。
STL的六大组件:容器、算法、迭代器、仿函数、适配器和空间配置器。
- 容器:各种数据结构,如vector、list、deque、set、map等存放数据;
- 算法:各类常用的算法,如sort、find、copy等等;
- 迭代器:作为算法和容器的胶合剂;
- 仿函数:行为类似函数,可作为算法的各种策略;
- 适配器:用来装饰容器或者仿函数或迭代器接口的东西;
- 空间配置器:负责空间的配置与管理;
STL容器就是将运用最广泛的一些数据结构实现出来。
常用的数据结构:数组、链表、树、栈、队列、集合、映射。
容器又可以分为序列式容器和关联式容器,其中序列式容器强调值的排序,每个元素都有固定的位置。关联式容器,二叉树结构,各个元素之间没有严格的物理上的顺序关系。
算法:质变算法和非质变算法。
质变算法:运算过程中改变元素的内容,如替换、删除;
非质变算法:运算过程中不改变元素的内容,如查找、遍历计数等
迭代器:每个容器都有自己专属的迭代器,迭代器的使用类似于指针。
迭代器的种类
2.容器vector
STL中最常见的容器就是vector
,可以理解为数组。
容器: vector
算法:for_each
迭代: vector::iterator
2.1 vector 存放内置数据
#include<iostream>
#include<vector>
using namespace std;
void test()
{
vector<int> v;
v.push_back(10);
v.push_back(20);
v.push_back(30);
v.push_back(40);
v.push_back(50);
for (vector<int>::iterator it = v.begin(); it != v.end(); it++)
{
cout << *it << " ";
}
cout << endl;
}
int main()
{
test();
system("pause");
return 0;
}
2.2 vector 存放自定义数据类型
#include<iostream>
#include<vector>
#include<string>
using namespace std;
class Person
{
public:
Person(string name, int age)
{
this->m_Name = name;
this->m_Age = age;
}
string m_Name;
int m_Age;
};
void test()
{
vector<Person> v;
Person p1("Tom", 12);
Person p2("Jack", 15);
Person p3("Jim", 18);
v.push_back(p1);
v.push_back(p2);
v.push_back(p3);
//遍历
for (vector<Person>::iterator it = v.begin(); it != v.end(); it++)
{
cout << "姓名: " << (*it).m_Name << endl;
cout << "年龄:" << (*it).m_Age << endl;
cout << endl;
}
}
int main()
{
test();
system("pause");
return 0;
}
2.3 vector 存放指针
//存放指针
#include<iostream>
#include<vector>
#include<string>
using namespace std;
class Person
{
public:
Person(string name, int age)
{
this->m_Name = name;
this->m_Age = age;
}
string m_Name;
int m_Age;
};
void test()
{
vector<Person*> v;
Person p1("Tom", 12);
Person p2("Jack", 15);
Person p3("Jim", 18);
v.push_back(&p1);
v.push_back(&p2);
v.push_back(&p3);
//遍历
for (vector<Person*>::iterator it = v.begin(); it != v.end(); it++)
{
cout << "姓名: " << (*it)->m_Name << endl;
cout << "年龄:" << (*it)->m_Age << endl;
cout << endl;
}
}
int main()
{
test();
system("pause");
return 0;
}
2.4 vector 嵌套
vector嵌套实现二维数组:
10 | 11 | 12 | 13 |
---|---|---|---|
20 | 21 | 22 | 23 |
30 | 31 | 32 | 33 |
40 | 41 | 42 | 43 |
//容器嵌套
#include<iostream>
#include<string>
#include<vector>
using namespace std;
void test()
{
//小容器
vector<int> v1;
vector<int> v2;
vector<int> v3;
vector<int> v4;
//大容器
vector<vector<int>> v;
//给小容器赋值
for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++)
{
v1.push_back(i + 10);
v2.push_back(i + 20);
v3.push_back(i + 30);
v4.push_back(i + 40);
}
//将小容器嵌入到大容器中
v.push_back(v1);
v.push_back(v2);
v.push_back(v3);
v.push_back(v4);
//遍历
for (vector<vector<int>>::iterator it = v.begin(); it != v.end(); it++)
{
//此时(*it)相当于vector<int>这个容器
for (vector<int>::iterator it_v = ( * it).begin(); it_v != (*it).end(); it_v++)
{
cout << (*it_v) << " ";
}
cout << endl;
}
}
int main()
{
test();
system("pause");
return 0;
}
2.5 vector 构造函数
//vector构造函数
#include<iostream>
#include<vector>
using namespace std;
void printVector(const vector<int>& v)
{
for (vector<int>::const_iterator it = v.begin(); it != v.end(); it++)
{
cout << *it << " ";
}
cout << endl;
}
void test()
{
vector<int>v;
//默认构造
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++)
{
v.push_back(i);
}
cout << "默认构造:";
printVector(v);
//区间构造
vector<int>v1(v.begin(), v.end());
cout << "区间构造:";
printVector(v1);
//n个elem构造
vector<int>v2(10, 10);
cout << "n个elem构造:";
printVector(v2);
//拷贝构造
vector<int>v3(v);
cout << "拷贝构造:";
printVector(v3);
}
int main()
{
test();
system("pause");
return 0;
}
2.6 vector 赋值操作
//vector构造函数
#include<iostream>
#include<vector>
using namespace std;
void printVector(const vector<int>& v)
{
for (vector<int>::const_iterator it = v.begin(); it != v.end(); it++)
{
cout << *it << " ";
}
cout << endl;
}
void test()
{
vector<int>v;
//默认构造
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++)
{
v.push_back(i);
}
cout << "默认构造:";
printVector(v);
vector<int>v1;
v1 = v;
cout << "等号赋值:";
printVector(v1);
//assign赋值1
vector<int>v2;
v2.assign(v.begin(), v.end());
cout << "assign赋值1:";
printVector(v2);
//assign赋值2
vector<int>v3;
v3.assign(10, 1);
cout << "assign赋值2:";
printVector(v3);
}
int main()
{
test();
system("pause");
return 0;
}
2.7 vector 容量和大小
#include<iostream>
#include<vector>
using namespace std;
void printVector(const vector<int>& v)
{
for (vector<int>::const_iterator it = v.begin(); it != v.end(); it++)
{
cout << *it << " ";
}
cout << endl;
}
void test()
{
vector<int>v;
//默认构造
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++)
{
v.push_back(i);
}
cout << "默认构造:";
printVector(v);
cout << v.empty() << endl;//判断容器是否为空
cout << "容器的容量:";
cout << v.capacity() << endl;
cout << "容器的大小:";
cout << v.size() << endl ;
//改变容器的大小
cout << "改变后的尺寸:";
v.resize(15);
printVector(v);
}
int main()
{
test();
system("pause");
return 0;
}
2.8 vector 插入和删除
#include<iostream>
#include<vector>
using namespace std;
void printVector(const vector<int>& v)
{
for (vector<int>::const_iterator it = v.begin(); it != v.end(); it++)
{
cout << *it << " ";
}
cout << endl;
}
void test()
{
vector<int>v;
//尾插
v.push_back(10);
v.push_back(20);
v.push_back(30);
v.push_back(40);
v.push_back(50);
v.push_back(60);
cout << "原始容器:";
printVector(v);
//尾删
v.pop_back();
cout << "尾删容器:";
printVector(v);
//在头部插入
v.insert(v.begin(), 100);
cout << "插入:";
printVector(v);
//多个元素插入
v.insert(v.begin(), 5, 5);
cout << "多元素插入:";
printVector(v);
//擦除
v.erase(v.begin());
cout << "擦除:";
printVector(v);
//区间擦除 == 清除
v.erase(v.begin(), v.end());
cout << "区间擦除:";
printVector(v);
//清除
v.clear();
cout << "清除";
printVector(v);
}
int main()
{
test();
system("pause");
return 0;
}
2.9 vector 数据存取
#include<iostream>
#include<vector>
using namespace std;
void printVector(const vector<int>& v)
{
for (vector<int>::const_iterator it = v.begin(); it != v.end(); it++)
{
cout << *it << " ";
}
cout << endl;
}
void test()
{
vector<int>v;
//尾插
v.push_back(10);
v.push_back(20);
v.push_back(30);
v.push_back(40);
v.push_back(50);
v.push_back(60);
cout << "原始容器:";
printVector(v);
cout << "输出第一个元素:" << v.at(0) << endl;
cout << "输出最后一个元素:" << v[v.size() - 1] << endl;
cout << "-----------------------------------" << endl;
cout << "输出第一个元素:" << v.front() << endl;
cout << "输出最后一个元素:" << v.back() << endl;
}
int main()
{
test();
system("pause");
return 0;
}
2.10 vector 互换容器
#include<iostream>
#include<vector>
using namespace std;
void printVector(const vector<int>& v)
{
for (vector<int>::const_iterator it = v.begin(); it != v.end(); it++)
{
cout << *it << "\t ";
}
cout << endl;
}
void test()
{
vector<int>v1;
//尾插
v1.push_back(10);
v1.push_back(20);
v1.push_back(30);
v1.push_back(40);
v1.push_back(50);
v1.push_back(60);
cout << "v1:";
printVector(v1);
vector<int>v2;
//尾插
v2.push_back(1);
v2.push_back(2);
v2.push_back(3);
v2.push_back(4);
v2.push_back(5);
v2.push_back(6);
cout << "v2:";
printVector(v2);
cout << "-----------------互换之后--------------------" << endl;
v1.swap(v2);
cout << "v1:";
printVector(v1);
cout << "v2:";
printVector(v2);
}
int main()
{
test();
system("pause");
return 0;
}
2.10.1 vector 互换容器应用
实现容器互换,可以达到收缩内存的目的,避免内存浪费!!!!
#include<iostream>
#include<vector>
using namespace std;
void test()
{
vector<int>v;
for (int i = 0; i < 100000; i++)
{
v.push_back(i);
}
cout << "容器的容量:" << v.capacity() << endl;
cout << "容器的大小:" << v.size() << endl;
cout << "---------------------resize后----------------------------" << endl;
v.resize(3);
cout << "容器的容量:" << v.capacity() << endl;
cout << "容器的大小:" << v.size() << endl;
cout << "---------------------resize后----------------------------" << endl;
vector<int>(v).swap(v);
cout << "容器的容量:" << v.capacity() << endl;
cout << "容器的大小:" << v.size() << endl;
}
int main()
{
test();
system("pause");
return 0;
}
2.11 vector 预留空间
减少vector动态扩展容量时的扩展次数。
函数原型:
reserve(int num) //容器预留num个元素长度,预留空间不进行初始化,元素不可访问!!!
#include<iostream>
#include<vector>
using namespace std;
void test()
{
vector<int>v;
//v.reserve(100000);
int num=0; //统计扩展的次数
int* p=NULL;
for (int i = 0; i < 100000; i++)
{
v.push_back(i);
if (p != &v[0])
{
p = &v[0];
num++;
}
}
cout << "num = " << num << endl;
}
int main()
{
test();
system("pause");
return 0;
}