C++类变量构造和析构顺序

继承关系上构造析构顺序

• 有类静态成员变量优先构造静态变量
  • 与声明的顺序无关，与继承关系也无关，只是按照定义的先后顺序构造。
• 先调用基类的构造
  • 先构造基类成员变量
  • 基类本身的构造函数
• 然后再是派生类
  • 先构造派生类成员变量
  • 派生类本身的构造函数

同一级别的构造顺序

1. 类静态成员与声明的顺序无关，与继承关系也无关，根据定义的先后顺序初始化
2. 类普通成员变量按照定义的顺序初始化
3. 继承关系则是根据继承的先后顺序初始化
4. 有虚函数的先初始化虚表指针
5. 执行初始化列表
6. 执行构造函数

示例：

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

class Base
{
public:
   virtual int size() 
   {
       cout << "Base::size" << endl;
       return 22; 
   }
};


class A :public Base
{
public:
   int m_a = -1;
   A() :m_a(size())   //在初始化列表中调用了虚函数
   {
       cout << "in A() m_a is " <<  m_a << endl;
   }
   virtual int size() 
   {
       cout << "A::size" << endl;
       return 11;
   }
};

int main()
{
   A a;
   return 0;
}

output:

A::size
in A() m_a is 11

析构的顺序则刚好是构造顺序的逆序

示例：

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

class C
{
public:
    C() { cout << "in C()" << endl; }
    ~C() { cout << "in ~C()" << endl; }
};

class D
{
public:
    D() { cout << "in D()" << endl; }
    ~D() { cout << "in ~D()" << endl; }
};

class StaticA
{
public:
    StaticA() { cout << "in StaticA()" << endl; }
    ~StaticA() { cout << "in ~StaticA()" << endl; }
};

class StaticB
{
public:
    StaticB() { cout << "in StaticB()" << endl; }
    ~StaticB() { cout << "in ~StaticB()" << endl; }
};

class A
{
public:
    int a;
    int b = -1;
    C c;
    static StaticB sb; // 只是声明静态成员，并没有定义，也没有初始化。不占内存。
    static StaticA sa;
    static D d;
public:
    A() :b(0), a(b + 2) { cout << "in A()" << endl; }
    ~A() { cout << "in ~A()" << endl; }
    void print()
    {
        cout << "a = " << a << " ,b = " << b << endl;
    }
};

StaticB A::sb;
StaticA A::sa; // 这里才是定义,同时可以在这里初始化

class E
{
public:
    E() { cout << "in E()" << endl; }
    ~E() { cout << "in ~E()" << endl; }
};

class F
{
public:
    F() { cout << "in F()" << endl; }
    ~F() { cout << "in ~F()" << endl; }
};

class B : public E, public A
{
public:
    B() { cout << "in B()" << endl; }
    ~B() { cout << "in ~B()" << endl; }

private:
    D d;
    static StaticB sb;
};

StaticB B::sb;
D A::d;

int main()
{
    cout << "test start" << endl;
    {
        B b;
        static F f;
    }
    cout << "test end" << endl;
    return 0;
}

output

in StaticB()
in StaticA()
in StaticB()
in D()
test start
in E()
in C()
in A()
in D()
in B()
in F()
in ~B()
in ~D()
in ~A()
in ~C()
in ~E()
test end
in ~F()
in ~D()
in ~StaticB()
in ~StaticA()
in ~StaticB()

其中

• 类static成员变量的生命周期和程序的生命周期是相同的
• static局部变量则在第一次访问时构造，直到程序结束。