1. 广义逆矩阵
∀
A
∈
R
m
×
n
,
∃
G
∈
R
n
×
m
\forall A \in R^{m \times n},\exists G \in R^{n \times m}
∀A∈Rm×n,∃G∈Rn×m,满足下列的一个、多个或者全部,则称G为A的广义逆矩阵
(
1
)
A
G
A
=
A
(1)\quad AGA = A
(1)AGA=A
(
2
)
G
A
G
=
G
(2)\quad GAG = G
(2)GAG=G
(
3
)
(
A
G
)
H
=
A
G
(3)\quad (AG)^H = AG
(3)(AG)H=AG
(
4
)
(
G
A
)
H
=
G
A
(4)\quad (GA)^H = GA
(4)(GA)H=GA
若满足第i个条件,记为
G
=
A
(
i
)
,
A
{
i
}
=
{
G
∣
G
=
A
(
i
)
}
G = A^{(i)},A\{i\} = \{G | G = A^{(i)}\}
G=A(i),A{i}={G∣G=A(i)}
若满足第i, j个条件,记为
G
=
A
(
i
,
j
)
,
A
{
i
,
j
}
=
{
G
∣
G
=
A
(
i
,
j
)
}
G = A^{(i, j)},A\{i, j\} = \{G | G = A^{(i, j)}\}
G=A(i,j),A{i,j}={G∣G=A(i,j)}
减号逆( A − A^{-} A−): A − = A ( 1 ) A^{-} = A^{(1)} A−=A(1),满足 A G A = A AGA = A AGA=A
极小范数广义逆( A m − A^{-}_m Am−): A ( 1 , 4 ) A^{(1, 4)} A(1,4),满足 A G A = A , ( G A ) H = G A AGA = A,\ (GA)^H = GA AGA=A, (GA)H=GA
最小二乘广义逆( A l − A^{-}_l Al−): A ( 1 , 3 ) A^{(1, 3)} A(1,3),满足 A G A = A , ( A G ) H = A G AGA = A,\ (AG)^H = AG AGA=A, (AG)H=AG
加号广义逆( A + A^+ A+): A ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ) A^{(1, 2, 3, 4)} A(1,2,3,4),满足 A G A = A , G A G = A , ( A G ) H = A G , ( G A ) H = G A AGA = A,\ GAG = A,\ (AG)^H = AG,\ (GA)^H = GA AGA=A, GAG=A, (AG)H=AG, (GA)H=GA
2. 减号广义逆
A ∈ C m × n A \in C^{m \times n} A∈Cm×n,若存在 G ∈ C n × m G \in C^{n \times m} G∈Cn×m,使 A G A = A AGA=A AGA=A,则称G为A的一个减号广义逆,记为 A − , A { 1 } = { G ∣ A G A = A } A^{-},A\{1\} = \{G | AGA = A\} A−,A{1}={G∣AGA=A}
A
−
A^-
A−存在的条件及求法:
∀
A
∈
C
m
×
n
\forall A \in C^{m \times n}
∀A∈Cm×n
(1) 若秩(A) = 0,即
A
=
0
A = 0
A=0,则
A
−
A^-
A−存在,即
∀
G
∈
C
n
×
m
,
均
有
A
G
A
=
A
\forall G \in C^{n \times m},均有AGA=A
∀G∈Cn×m,均有AGA=A
(2) 若秩(A) = n(m = n),即
∣
A
∣
≠
0
|A| \neq 0
∣A∣=0,则
A
−
A^-
A−不唯一,且
A
−
=
A
−
1
,
A
G
A
=
A
A^- = A^{-1},AGA = A
A−=A−1,AGA=A
(3) 若秩(A) = r,有可逆P,Q,使
P
A
Q
=
(
I
r
0
)
m
×
n
PAQ = \begin{pmatrix}I_r & \\ & 0\end{pmatrix}_{m \times n}
PAQ=(Ir0)m×n,即
A
=
P
−
1
(
I
r
0
)
Q
−
1
A = P^{-1} \begin{pmatrix}I_r & \\ & 0\end{pmatrix}Q^{-1}
A=P−1(Ir0)Q−1
则
G
∈
A
{
1
}
⟺
G
=
Q
(
I
r
U
V
W
)
P
G \in A\{1\} \iff G = Q \begin{pmatrix}I_r & U \\ V & W\end{pmatrix} P
G∈A{1}⟺G=Q(IrVUW)P,其中U、V、W为相应的任意矩阵
设
A
∈
C
m
×
n
,
λ
∈
C
A \in C^{m \times n},\lambda \in C
A∈Cm×n,λ∈C,则
A
−
A^{-}
A−满足一下性质:
(
1
)
r
a
n
k
(
A
)
≤
r
a
n
k
(
A
−
)
(1)\quad rank(A) \leq rank(A^-)
(1)rank(A)≤rank(A−)
(
2
)
A
A
−
与
A
−
A
(2)\quad AA^-与A^-A
(2)AA−与A−A都是幂等矩阵,且
r
a
n
k
(
A
)
=
r
a
n
k
(
A
A
−
)
=
r
a
n
k
(
A
−
A
)
rank(A) = rank(AA^{-}) = rank(A^{-}A)
rank(A)=rank(AA−)=rank(A−A)
(
3
)
R
(
A
A
−
)
=
R
(
A
)
,
N
(
A
−
A
)
=
N
(
A
)
(3)\quad R(AA^-) = R(A),N(A^-A) = N(A)
(3)R(AA−)=R(A),N(A−A)=N(A)
例如:
说明:可以先对
(
A
I
3
)
\begin{pmatrix}A & I_3\end{pmatrix}
(AI3)做行变换,将变换后的结果记为
(
A
′
P
)
\begin{pmatrix}A' & P \end{pmatrix}
(A′P),然后对
(
A
′
I
4
)
\begin{pmatrix} A' \\ I_4 \end{pmatrix}
(A′I4)做列变换,即可得到最终的P和Q
3. 极小范数广义逆
极小范数广义逆:
A
∈
C
m
×
n
A \in C^{m \times n}
A∈Cm×n,若存在
G
∈
C
n
×
m
G \in C^{n \times m}
G∈Cn×m,使
(
1
)
A
G
A
=
A
,
(
4
)
(
G
A
)
H
=
G
A
(1) AGA=A,\quad (4)(GA)^H = GA
(1)AGA=A,(4)(GA)H=GA,则称G为A的一个极小范数广义逆,
记为
A
m
−
,
A
{
1
,
4
}
=
{
G
∣
A
G
A
=
A
,
(
G
A
)
H
=
G
A
}
A^{-}_m,A\{1,4\} = \{G | AGA = A,(GA)^H = GA\}
Am−,A{1,4}={G∣AGA=A,(GA)H=GA}
A
m
−
A^-_m
Am−存在的条件及求法:
A
∈
C
m
×
n
A \in C^{m \times n}
A∈Cm×n,A的奇异分解:
A
=
U
(
Δ
r
0
0
0
)
V
H
A = U \begin{pmatrix}\Delta_r & 0 \\ 0 & 0\end{pmatrix} V^H
A=U(Δr000)VH,则
G
∈
A
{
1
,
4
}
⟺
G
=
V
(
Δ
r
−
1
K
0
M
)
U
H
G \in A\{1,4\} \iff G = V \begin{pmatrix}\Delta_r^{-1} & K \\ 0 & M\end{pmatrix} U^H
G∈A{1,4}⟺G=V(Δr−10KM)UH,K和M为相应任意矩阵
奇异分解求解过程可参考https://blog.csdn.net/u011609063/article/details/102680734#32_SVD_250
相容方程: 方程组Ax=b有解
矛盾(不相容)方程: 方程组Ax=b无解
极小范数解: 方程 A x = b Ax = b Ax=b有无数解,在所有的解中最小的解就是极小范数解。即 x 0 = m i n ( x ) x_0 = min(x) x0=min(x), x 0 x_0 x0为 A x = b Ax = b Ax=b的极小范数解
若
G
∈
A
{
1
,
4
}
,
则
G
b
=
m
i
n
(
x
)
G \in A\{1,4\},则Gb = min(x)
G∈A{1,4},则Gb=min(x),即
x
0
=
G
b
x_0 = Gb
x0=Gb是相容方程组Ax=b的极小范数解
A
∈
C
m
×
n
,
G
∈
A
{
1
,
4
}
⟺
x
0
=
G
b
A \in C^{m \times n},G \in A\{1,4\} \iff x_0 = Gb
A∈Cm×n,G∈A{1,4}⟺x0=Gb是相容方程Ax=b的极小范数解
∀
G
1
,
G
2
∈
A
{
1
,
4
}
,
必
有
G
1
b
=
G
2
b
\forall G_1,G_2 \in A\{1,4\},必有G_1 b = G_2 b
∀G1,G2∈A{1,4},必有G1b=G2b,即相容方程的极小范数解是唯一的。
例如:
4. 最小二乘广义逆
最小二乘广义逆: A ∈ C m × n A \in C^{m \times n} A∈Cm×n,若存在 G ∈ C n × m G \in C^{n \times m} G∈Cn×m,使 ( 1 ) A G A = A , ( 3 ) ( A G ) H = A G (1) AGA=A, (3)(AG)^H = AG (1)AGA=A,(3)(AG)H=AG,则称G为A的一个最小二乘广义逆,记为 A l − , A { 1 , 3 } = { G ∣ A G A = A , ( A G ) H = A G } A^{-}_l,A\{1,3\} = \{G | AGA = A,(AG)^H = AG\} Al−,A{1,3}={G∣AGA=A,(AG)H=AG}
A
l
−
A^-_l
Al−存在的条件及求法:
A
∈
C
m
×
n
A \in C^{m \times n}
A∈Cm×n,A的奇异分解:
A
=
U
(
Δ
r
0
0
0
)
V
H
A = U \begin{pmatrix}\Delta_r & 0 \\ 0 & 0\end{pmatrix} V^H
A=U(Δr000)VH,则
G
∈
A
{
1
,
3
}
⟺
G
=
V
(
Δ
r
−
1
0
L
M
)
U
H
G \in A\{1,3\} \iff G = V \begin{pmatrix}\Delta_r^{-1} & 0 \\ L & M\end{pmatrix} U^H
G∈A{1,3}⟺G=V(Δr−1L0M)UH,L和M为相应任意矩阵
奇异分解求解过程可参考https://blog.csdn.net/u011609063/article/details/102680734#32_SVD_250
最小二乘解: A x − b Ax-b Ax−b取最小值时x的解,即矛盾方程 A x = b , ∃ u ∈ C n , ∣ ∣ A u − b ∣ ∣ 2 = m i n ∣ ∣ A x − b ∣ ∣ 2 ( ∀ x ∈ C n ) Ax = b,\exists u \in C^n,||Au - b||_2 = min||Ax -b||_2(\forall x \in C^n) Ax=b,∃u∈Cn,∣∣Au−b∣∣2=min∣∣Ax−b∣∣2(∀x∈Cn)时u的值
G ∈ A { 1 , 3 } , 则 A H A G = A H G \in A\{1,\ 3\},则A^HAG = A^H G∈A{1, 3},则AHAG=AH
若 G ∈ A { 1 , 3 } , 则 x = G b G \in A\{1,\ 3\},则x = Gb G∈A{1, 3},则x=Gb是矛盾方程Ax=b的最小二乘解,即 A G b − b = m i n ( A x − b ) AGb - b = min(Ax - b) AGb−b=min(Ax−b)
例如:
5. 加号广义逆
加号广义逆:
A
∈
C
m
×
n
,
∃
G
∈
C
n
×
m
A \in C^{m \times n},\ \exists G \in C^{n \times m}
A∈Cm×n, ∃G∈Cn×m,满足
(
1
)
A
G
A
=
A
(
2
)
G
A
G
=
G
(
3
)
(
A
G
)
H
=
A
G
(
4
)
(
G
A
)
H
=
G
A
(1)AGA = A \quad (2)GAG = G \quad (3)(AG)^H = AG \quad (4)(GA)^H = GA
(1)AGA=A(2)GAG=G(3)(AG)H=AG(4)(GA)H=GA,
则称G为A的Moore-Penrose广义逆或加号广义逆,简称A的M-P逆,记为
A
+
,
A
{
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
}
A^+,A\{1,\ 2,\ 3,\ 4\}
A+,A{1, 2, 3, 4}
A
+
A^+
A+存在的条件及求法:
A
∈
C
m
×
n
A \in C^{m \times n}
A∈Cm×n,则
A
+
A^+
A+存在且唯一
A的奇异分解:
A
=
U
(
Σ
r
0
0
0
)
V
H
A = U \begin{pmatrix}\Sigma_r & 0 \\ 0 & 0\end{pmatrix} V^H
A=U(Σr000)VH,则
A
+
=
V
(
Σ
r
−
1
0
0
0
)
U
H
A^+ = V \begin{pmatrix}\Sigma^{-1}_r & 0 \\ 0 & 0\end{pmatrix} U^H
A+=V(Σr−1000)UH
奇异分解求解过程可参考https://blog.csdn.net/u011609063/article/details/102680734#32_SVD_250
设rank(A) = r,A的一个满值分解为
A
=
B
C
,
B
∈
C
m
×
r
,
C
∈
C
r
×
n
,
r
a
n
k
(
B
)
=
r
a
n
k
(
C
)
=
r
A = BC,B \in C^{m \times r},C \in C^{r \times n},rank(B) = rank(C) = r
A=BC,B∈Cm×r,C∈Cr×n,rank(B)=rank(C)=r
则
A
+
=
C
H
(
C
C
H
)
−
1
(
B
H
B
)
−
1
B
H
A^+ = C^H(CC^H)^{-1}(B^HB)^{-1}B^H
A+=CH(CCH)−1(BHB)−1BH
A
∈
C
m
×
n
,
λ
∈
C
m
×
n
,
则
A
+
A \in C ^{m \times n},\lambda \in C^{m \times n},则A^+
A∈Cm×n,λ∈Cm×n,则A+满足以下性质:
(
1
)
(
A
+
)
+
=
A
(1) \quad (A^+)^+ = A
(1)(A+)+=A
(
2
)
(
A
+
)
H
=
(
A
H
)
+
(2) \quad (A^+)^H = (A^H)^+
(2)(A+)H=(AH)+
(
3
)
(
λ
A
)
+
=
λ
+
A
+
(3) \quad (\lambda A)^+ = \lambda^+ A^+
(3)(λA)+=λ+A+,其中
λ
+
=
{
1
λ
λ
≠
0
0
λ
=
0
\lambda^+ = \begin{cases} \frac{1}{\lambda} & \lambda \neq 0 \\ 0 & \lambda = 0\end{cases}
λ+={λ10λ=0λ=0
(
4
)
A
+
=
{
(
A
H
A
)
−
1
A
H
A
为
列
满
秩
A
H
(
A
A
H
)
−
1
A
为
行
满
秩
(4) \quad A^+ = \begin{cases}(A^HA)^{-1}A^H & A为列满秩 \\ A^H(AA^H)^{-1} & A为行满秩\end{cases}
(4)A+={(AHA)−1AHAH(AAH)−1A为列满秩A为行满秩
例如:
6.方程通解与最小二乘解
6.1 相容方程的通解
相容方程:
A
x
=
b
,
A
∈
C
m
×
n
Ax = b,A \in C^{m \times n}
Ax=b,A∈Cm×n
x
=
A
−
b
+
(
I
n
−
A
−
A
)
z
,
z
∈
C
n
x = A^- b + (I_n - A^- A) z,z \in C^n
x=A−b+(In−A−A)z,z∈Cn
6.2 矛盾方程的最小二乘解
矛盾方程:
A
x
=
b
,
A
∈
C
m
×
n
Ax = b,A \in C^{m \times n}
Ax=b,A∈Cm×n
x
=
A
l
−
b
+
(
I
n
−
A
l
−
A
)
z
,
∀
z
∈
C
n
x = A^-_lb + (I_n - A^-_l A)z,\forall z \in C^n
x=Al−b+(In−Al−A)z,∀z∈Cn