django实现的投票系统详解
1、创建项目(mysite)与应用(polls)
如何创建项目及应用,在《python的Web开发之Django框架应用(一)》一文中已经讲的很清楚了。在此,不作说明。
创建应用完成后,将应用添加到setting.py配置文件中。在INSTALLED_APPS中追加polls
2、创建模型(数据库)
执行如下命令:manage.py migrate,根据我们上一步安装的app应用生成相应的数据库表结构、索引等信息。此时我们用Navicat工具,查看数据库,可以看到一部分表。
修改polls/models.py文件,添加Question与Choice类。代码如下:
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from __future__ import unicode_literals
from django.db import models
# Create your models here.
# 问题
class Question(models.Model):
question_text = models.CharField(max_length=200)
pub_date = models.DateTimeField('date published')
def __unicode__(self):
return self.question_text
# 选择
class Choice(models.Model):
question = models.ForeignKey(Question)
choice_text = models.CharField(max_length=200)
votes = models.IntegerField(default=0)
def __unicode__(self):
return self.choice_text
执行数据库表的生成与同步,执行如下命令:
manage.py makemigrations polls
manage.py migrate
此时我们再观察数据库,会发现多了两张表,分别是polls_choice与polls_question表。
3、后台
创建新的用户信息,执行如下命令:manage.py createsuperuser,输入用户名admin,邮箱地址,密码。
打开polls/admin.py文件,编写如下内容:
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from __future__ import unicode_literals
from django.contrib import admin
from .models import Question, Choice
# Register your models here.
class ChoiceInline(admin.TabularInline):
model = Choice
extra = 3
class QuestionAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
fieldsets = [
(None, {'fields': ['question_text']}),
('Date information', {'fields': ['pub_date'], 'classes': ['collapse']}),
]
inlines = [ChoiceInline]
list_display = ('question_text', 'pub_date')
admin.site.register(Choice)
admin.site.register(Question, QuestionAdmin)
在浏览器地址栏输入**http://localhost:8000/admin/**即可看到登陆页面,输入我们上面建立的用户信息,进入投票系统的后台管理,完成数据的增删改查。
4、视图
视图起着承前启后的作用,前是指前端页面,后是指后台数据库。将数据库表中的内容查询出来显示到页面上。
打开polls/views.py文件,编写如下内容:
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from __future__ import unicode_literals
from django.shortcuts import render, get_object_or_404
from django.http import HttpResponseRedirect, HttpResponse
from django.core.urlresolvers import reverse
from .models import Question, Choice
# Create your views here.
# 首页展示所有问题
def index(request):
# latest_question_list2 = Question.objects.order_by('-pub_data')[:2]
latest_question_list = Question.objects.all()
context = {'latest_question_list': latest_question_list}
return render(request, 'polls/index.html', context)
# 查看所有问题
def detail(request, question_id):
question = get_object_or_404(Question, pk=question_id)
return render(request, 'polls/detail.html', {'question': question})
# 查看投票结果
def results(request, question_id):
question = get_object_or_404(Question, pk=question_id)
return render(request, 'polls/results.html', {'question': question})
# 选择投票
def vote(request, question_id):
p = get_object_or_404(Question, pk=question_id)
try:
selected_choice = p.choice_set.get(pk=request.POST['choice'])
except (KeyError, Choice.DoesNotExist):
# Redisplay the question voting form.
return render(request, 'polls/detail.html', {
'question': p,
'error_message': "You didn't select a choice.",
})
else:
selected_choice.votes += 1
selected_choice.save()
# Always return an HttpResponseRedirect after successfully dealing
# with POST data. This prevents data from being posted twice if a
# user hits the Back button.
return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse('polls:results', args=(p.id,)))
5、配置URL
url是一个请求配置文件,页面中的请求转交给由哪个函数处理,由该文件决定。
首先配置polls/urls.py(该文件需要创建)
from django.conf.urls import url
from . import views
urlpatterns = [
# ex : /polls/
url(r'^$', views.index, name='index'),
# ex : /polls/5/
url(r'^(?P<question_id>[0-9]+)/$', views.detail, name='detail'),
# ex : /polls/5/results/
url(r'^(?P<question_id>[0-9]+)/results/$', views.results, name='results'),
# ex : /polls/5/vote
url(r'^(?P<question_id>[0-9]+)/vote/$', views.vote, name='vote'),
]
接着,编辑mysite/urls.py文件
from django.conf.urls import url,include
from django.contrib import admin
urlpatterns = [
# url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls),
url(r'^polls/', include('polls.urls', namespace="polls")),
url(r'^admin/', include(admin.site.urls)),
]
6、创建模板(前端)
模板就是前端页面,用来将数据显示到web页面上。
首先创建polls/templates/polls/目录,分别在该目录下创建index.html、detail.html和results.html文件。
index.html文件内容如下:
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detail.html文件内容如下:
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results.html文件内容如下:
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7、功能展示
浏览器地址栏输入**http://localhost:8000/polls/**,效果如下图:
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查看投票结果:
http://localhost:8000/polls/1/results/,效果如下图:
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8、参考链接
http://www.cnblogs.com/fnng/p/4855743.html
http://www.cnblogs.com/djangochina/archive/2013/05/30/3108041.html
**https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.8/intro/tutorial03/**该链接是Django的官网。