基于tensorflow2的过拟合处理（希格玻色子与背景的判别，大数据读取，提前终止与drop-out与正则化对过拟合的作用对比）

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Overfit and underfit

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As always, the code in this example will use the tf.keras API, which you can learn more about in the TensorFlow Keras guide.

In both of the previous examples—classifying text and predicting fuel efficiency — we saw that the accuracy of our model on the validation data would peak after training for a number of epochs, and would then stagnate or start decreasing.

In other words, our model would overfit to the training data. Learning how to deal with overfitting is important. Although it’s often possible to achieve high accuracy on the training set, what we really want is to develop models that generalize well to a testing set (or data they haven’t seen before).

The opposite of overfitting is underfitting. Underfitting occurs when there is still room for improvement on the test data. This can happen for a number of reasons: If the model is not powerful enough, is over-regularized, or has simply not been trained long enough. This means the network has not learned the relevant patterns in the training data.

If you train for too long though, the model will start to overfit and learn patterns from the training data that don’t generalize to the test data. We need to strike a balance. Understanding how to train for an appropriate number of epochs as we’ll explore below is a useful skill.

To prevent overfitting, the best solution is to use more complete training data. The dataset should cover the full range of inputs that the model is expected to handle. Additional data may only be useful if it covers new and interesting cases.

A model trained on more complete data will naturally generalize better. When that is no longer possible, the next best solution is to use techniques like regularization. These place constraints on the quantity and type of information your model can store. If a network can only afford to memorize a small number of patterns, the optimization process will force it to focus on the most prominent patterns, which have a better chance of generalizing well.

In this notebook, we’ll explore several common regularization techniques, and use them to improve on a classification model.

Setup

Before getting started, import the necessary packages:

import tensorflow as tf

from tensorflow.keras import layers
from tensorflow.keras import regularizers

print(tf.__version__)

2.3.0-dev20200512

!pip install -q git+https://github.com/tensorflow/docs

import tensorflow_docs as tfdocs
import tensorflow_docs.modeling
import tensorflow_docs.plots

from  IPython import display
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

import pathlib
import shutil
import tempfile

logdir = pathlib.Path(tempfile.mkdtemp())/"tensorboard_logs"
shutil.rmtree(logdir, ignore_errors=True)

The Higgs Dataset

The goal of this tutorial is not to do particle physics, so don’t dwell on the details of the dataset. It contains 11 000 000 examples, each with 28 features, and a binary class label.

gz = tf.keras.utils.get_file('HIGGS.csv.gz', 'http://mlphysics.ics.uci.edu/data/higgs/HIGGS.csv.gz')

Downloading data from http://mlphysics.ics.uci.edu/data/higgs/HIGGS.csv.gz
2816409600/2816407858 [==============================] - 298s 0us/step

FEATURES = 28

The tf.data.experimental.CsvDataset class can be used to read csv records directly from a gzip file with no intermediate decompression step.

ds = tf.data.experimental.CsvDataset(gz,[float(),]*(FEATURES+1), compression_type="GZIP")

That csv reader class returns a list of scalars for each record. The following function repacks that list of scalars into a (feature_vector, label) pair.

def pack_row(*row):
  label = row[0]
  features = tf.stack(row[1:],1)
  return features, label

TensorFlow is most efficient when operating on large batches of data.

So instead of repacking each row individually make a new Dataset that takes batches of 10000-examples, applies the pack_row function to each batch, and then splits the batches back up into individual records:

packed_ds = ds.batch(10000).map(pack_row).unbatch()

Have a look at some of the records from this new packed_ds.

The features are not perfectly normalized, but this is sufficient for this tutorial.

for features,label in packed_ds.batch(1000).take(1):
  print(features[0])
  plt.hist(features.numpy().flatten(), bins = 101)

tf.Tensor(
[ 0.8692932  -0.6350818   0.22569026  0.32747006 -0.6899932   0.75420225
 -0.24857314 -1.0920639   0.          1.3749921  -0.6536742   0.9303491
  1.1074361   1.1389043  -1.5781983  -1.0469854   0.          0.65792954
 -0.01045457 -0.04576717  3.1019614   1.35376     0.9795631   0.97807616
  0.92000484  0.72165745  0.98875093  0.87667835], shape=(28,), dtype=float32)

To keep this tutorial relatively short use just the first 1000 samples for validation, and the next 10 000 for training:

N_VALIDATION = int(1e3)
N_TRAIN = int(1e4)
BUFFER_SIZE = int(1e4)
BATCH_SIZE = 500
STEPS_PER_EPOCH = N_TRAIN//BATCH_SIZE

The Dataset.skip and Dataset.take methods make this easy.

At the same time, use the Dataset.cache method to ensure that the loader doesn’t need to re-read the data from the file on each epoch:

validate_ds = packed_ds.take(N_VALIDATION).cache()
train_ds = packed_ds.skip(N_VALIDATION).take(N_TRAIN).cache()

train_ds

<CacheDataset shapes: ((28,), ()), types: (tf.float32, tf.float32)>

These datasets return individual examples. Use the .batch method to create batches of an appropriate size for training. Before batching also remember to .shuffle and .repeat the training set.

validate_ds = validate_ds.batch(BATCH_SIZE)
train_ds = train_ds.shuffle(BUFFER_SIZE).repeat().batch(BATCH_SIZE