opencv python核心操作

1.数据类型以及运算

import cv2
import numpy as np
img=cv2.imread('flower.jpg')
ball=img[120:180,120:180]
img[252:312,252:312]=ball
# cv2.imshow("image",img)
# k = cv2.waitKey(0)
px=img[100,100]
print(px)
blue=img[100,100,0]
print(blue)
print(img.shape)
print(img.size)
print(img.dtype)
print(img.item(10,10,2))
img.itemset((10,10,2),100)
print(img.item(10,10,2))

2.图像简单融合

import cv2
import numpy as np
img1=cv2.imread('images/flower.jpg')
img2=cv2.imread('images/flower2.jpg')
dst=cv2.addWeighted(img1,0.5,img2,0.5,0)
cv2.imshow('dst',dst)
cv2.waitKey(0)
cv2.destroyAllWindow()

3.检查程序效率

import cv2
import numpy as np
img1 = cv2.imread('flower.jpg')
e1 = cv2.getTickCount()
for i in range(5,49,2):
    img1 = cv2.medianBlur(img1,i)
# cv2.imshow("image",img1)
# cv2.waitKey(0)
# cv2.destroyAllWindows()
e2 = cv2.getTickCount()
t = (e2 - e1)/cv2.getTickFrequency()
print(t)

4.简单的物体跟踪

import cv2
import numpy as np
cap=cv2.VideoCapture(0)
while(1):
    # 获取每一帧
    ret,frame=cap.read()
    # 转换到 HSV
    hsv=cv2.cvtColor(frame,cv2.COLOR_BGR2HSV)
    # 设定蓝色的阈值
    lower_blue=np.array([110,50,50])
    upper_blue=np.array([130,255,255])
    # 根据阈值构建掩模
    mask=cv2.inRange(hsv,lower_blue,upper_blue)
    # 对原图像和掩模进行位运算
    res=cv2.bitwise_and(frame,frame,mask=mask)
    # 显示图像
    cv2.imshow('frame',frame)
    cv2.imshow('mask',mask)
    cv2.imshow('res',res)
    k=cv2.waitKey(5)&0xFF
    if k==27:
        break
# 关闭窗口
cv2.destroyAllWindows()

5.RGB2HSV

import cv2
import numpy as np
green=np.uint8([[[0,255,0]]])
hsv_green=cv2.cvtColor(green,cv2.COLOR_BGR2HSV)
print(hsv_green)

6.缩放图像

import cv2
import numpy as np
img=cv2.imread('flower.jpg')
# 下面的 None 本应该是输出图像的尺寸,但是因为后边我们设置了缩放因子
# 因此这里为 None
res=cv2.resize(img,None,fx=1,fy=2,interpolation=cv2.INTER_CUBIC)
#OR
# 这里呢,我们直接设置输出图像的尺寸,所以不用设置缩放因子
height,width=img.shape[:2]
# res=cv2.resize(img,(2*width,2*height),interpolation=cv2.INTER_CUBIC)
while(1):
    cv2.imshow('res',res)
    cv2.imshow('img',img)
    if cv2.waitKey(1) & 0xFF == 27:
        break
cv2.destroyAllWindows()

7.旋转图像

import cv2
import numpy as np
img=cv2.imread('flower.jpg',0)
rows,cols=img.shape
# 这里的第一个参数为旋转中心,第二个为旋转角度,第三个为旋转后的缩放因子
# 可以通过设置旋转中心,缩放因子,以及窗口大小来防止旋转后超出边界的问题
M=cv2.getRotationMatrix2D((cols/2,rows/2),45,0.6)
# 第三个参数是输出图像的尺寸
dst=cv2.warpAffine(img,M,(cols,rows))
while(1):
    cv2.imshow('img',dst)
    if cv2.waitKey(1)&0xFF==27:
        break
cv2.destroyAllWindows()

7.仿射变换

在仿射变换中,原图中所有的平行线在结果图像中同样平行。为了创建这
个矩阵我们需要从原图像中找到三个点以及他们在输出图像中的位置。

import cv2
import numpy as np
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
img=cv2.imread('flower.jpg')
rows,cols,ch=img.shape
pts1=np.float32([[50,50],[200,50],[50,200]])
pts2=np.float32([[10,100],[200,50],[100,250]])
M=cv2.getAffineTransform(pts1,pts2)
dst=cv2.warpAffine(img,M,(cols,rows))
plt.subplot(121)
plt.imshow(img)
plt.title('Input')
plt.subplot(122)
plt.imshow(dst)
plt.title('Output')
plt.xticks(),plt.yticks()
plt.show()

8.透视变换

对于视角变换,我们需要一个 3x3 变换矩阵。在变换前后直线还是直线。要构建这个变换矩阵,你需要在输入图像上找 4 个点,以及他们在输出图
像上对应的位置。这四个点中的任意三个都不能共线。

import cv2
import numpy as np
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
img=cv2.imread('flower.jpg')
rows,cols,ch=img.shape
pts1 = np.float32([[56,65],[368,52],[28,387],[389,390]])
pts2 = np.float32([[0,0],[300,0],[0,300],[300,300]])
M=cv2.getPerspectiveTransform(pts1,pts2)
dst=cv2.warpPerspective(img,M,(300,300))
plt.subplot(121),plt.imshow(img),plt.title('Input')
plt.subplot(122),plt.imshow(dst),plt.title('Output')
plt.show()

9.阈值分割

import cv2
import numpy as np
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
img=cv2.imread('flower.jpg',0)
ret,thresh1=cv2.threshold(img,127,255,cv2.THRESH_BINARY)
ret,thresh2=cv2.threshold(img,127,255,cv2.THRESH_BINARY_INV)
ret,thresh3=cv2.threshold(img,127,255,cv2.THRESH_TRUNC)
ret,thresh4=cv2.threshold(img,127,255,cv2.THRESH_TOZERO)
ret,thresh5=cv2.threshold(img,127,255,cv2.THRESH_TOZERO_INV)
titles = ['Original Image','BINARY','BINARY_INV','TRUNC','TOZERO','TOZERO_INV']
images = [img, thresh1, thresh2, thresh3, thresh4, thresh5]
for i in range(6):
    plt.subplot(2,3,i+1),plt.imshow(images[i],'gray')
    plt.title(titles[i])
    plt.xticks([]),plt.yticks([])
plt.show()

10.区域自适应阈值分割

import cv2
import numpy as np
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
img = cv2.imread('flower.jpg',0)
# 中值滤波
img = cv2.medianBlur(img,5)
ret,th1 = cv2.threshold(img,127,255,cv2.THRESH_BINARY)
#11 为 Block size, 2 为 C 值
th2 = cv2.adaptiveThreshold(img,255,cv2.ADAPTIVE_THRESH_MEAN_C,\
cv2.THRESH_BINARY,11,2)
th3 = cv2.adaptiveThreshold(img,255,cv2.ADAPTIVE_THRESH_GAUSSIAN_C,\
cv2.THRESH_BINARY,11,2)
titles = ['Original Image', 'Global Thresholding (v = 127)',
'Adaptive Mean Thresholding', 'Adaptive Gaussian Thresholding']
images = [img, th1, th2, th3]
for i in range(4):
    plt.subplot(2,2,i+1),plt.imshow(images[i],'gray')
    plt.title(titles[i])
    plt.xticks([]),plt.yticks([])
plt.show()

11. otsu阈值分割

import cv2
import numpy as np
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
img = cv2.imread('flower.jpg',0)
# global thresholding
ret1,th1 = cv2.threshold(img,127,255,cv2.THRESH_BINARY)
# Otsu's thresholding
ret2,th2 = cv2.threshold(img,0,255,cv2.THRESH_BINARY+cv2.THRESH_OTSU)
# Otsu's thresholding after Gaussian filtering
# ( 5,5 )为高斯核的大小, 0 为标准差
blur = cv2.GaussianBlur(img,(5,5),0)
# 阈值一定要设为 0 !
ret3,th3 = cv2.threshold(blur,0,255,cv2.THRESH_BINARY+cv2.THRESH_OTSU)
# plot all the images and their histograms
images = [img, 0, th1,
img, 0, th2,
blur, 0, th3]
titles = ['Original Noisy Image','Histogram','Global Thresholding (v=127)',
'Original Noisy Image','Histogram',"Otsu's Thresholding",
'Gaussian filtered Image','Histogram',"Otsu's Thresholding"]
# 这里使用了 pyplot 中画直方图的方法, plt.hist, 要注意的是它的参数是一维数组
# 所以这里使用了( numpy ) ravel 方法,将多维数组转换成一维,也可以使用 flatten 方法
#ndarray.flat 1-D iterator over an array.
#ndarray.flatten 1-D array copy of the elements of an array in row-major order.
for i in range(3):
    plt.subplot(3,3,i*3+1),plt.imshow(images[i*3],'gray')
    plt.title(titles[i*3]), plt.xticks([]), plt.yticks([])
    plt.subplot(3,3,i*3+2),plt.hist(images[i*3].ravel(),256)
    plt.title(titles[i*3+1]), plt.xticks([]), plt.yticks([])
    plt.subplot(3,3,i*3+3),plt.imshow(images[i*3+2],'gray')
    plt.title(titles[i*3+2]), plt.xticks([]), plt.yticks([])
plt.show()

import cv2
import numpy as np
img = cv2.imread('flower.jpg',0)
blur = cv2.GaussianBlur(img,(5,5),0)
# find normalized_histogram, and its cumulative distribution function
# 计算归一化直方图
#CalcHist(image, accumulate=0, mask=NULL)
hist = cv2.calcHist([blur],[0],None,[256],[0,256])
hist_norm = hist.ravel()/hist.max()
Q = hist_norm.cumsum()
bins = np.arange(256)
fn_min = np.inf
thresh = -1
for i in range(1,256):
    p1,p2 = np.hsplit(hist_norm,[i]) # probabilities
    q1,q2 = Q[i],Q[255]-Q[i] # cum sum of classes
    b1,b2 = np.hsplit(bins,[i]) # weights
    # finding means and variances
    m1,m2 = np.sum(p1*b1)/q1, np.sum(p2*b2)/q2
    v1,v2 = np.sum(((b1-m1)**2)*p1)/q1,np.sum(((b2-m2)**2)*p2)/q2
    # calculates the minimization function
    fn = v1*q1 + v2*q2
    if fn < fn_min:
        fn_min = fn
        thresh = i
# find otsu's threshold value with OpenCV function
ret, otsu = cv2.threshold(blur,0,255,cv2.THRESH_BINARY+cv2.THRESH_OTSU)
print(thresh,ret)