STm32 Alternate functions 复用功能

重点内容一句话：复用功能就是给STM32内部的外设使用的。

Subject to the specific hardware characteristics of each I/O port listed in the datasheet, each
port bit of the General Purpose IO (GPIO) Ports, can be individually configured by software
in several modes:
• Input floating
• Input pull-up
• Input-pull-down
• Analog
• Output open-drain
• Output push-pull
• Alternate function push-pull
• Alternate function open-drain

Alternate function configuration
When the I/O port is programmed as alternate function:
• The output buffer can be configured in open-drain or push-pull mode
• The output buffer is driven by the signals coming from the peripheral (transmitter
enable and data)
• The Schmitt trigger input is activated
• The weak pull-up and pull-down resistors are activated or not depending on the value
in the GPIOx_PUPDR register
• The data present on the I/O pin are sampled into the input data register every AHB
clock cycle
• A read access to the input data register gets the I/O state

Alternate functions (AF)
It is necessary to program the Port Bit Configuration Register before using a default
alternate function.

• For alternate function inputs, the port must be configured in Input mode (floating, pullup or pull-down) and the input pin must be driven externally.

Note: It is also possible to emulate the AFI input pin by software by programming the GPIO
controller. In this case, the port should be configured in Alternate Function Output mode.
And obviously, the corresponding port should not be driven externally as it will be driven by
the software using the GPIO controller.

• For alternate function outputs, the port must be configured in Alternate Function Output
mode (Push-Pull or Open-Drain).
• For bidirectional Alternate Functions, the port bit must be configured in Alternate
Function Output mode (Push-Pull or Open-Drain). In this case the input driver is
configured in input floating mode

If a port bit is configured as Alternate Function Output, this disconnects the output register
and connects the pin to the output signal of an on-chip peripheral.

If software configures a GPIO pin as Alternate Function Output, but peripheral is not
activated, its output is not specified.

为什么输出模式有专门的复用模式而输入则没有呢。因为输出是由芯片内部电路驱动的，
必须选择这个驱动来自哪一个外设，是GPIO还是复用此管脚的其他外设，也就是选择该管脚在内部是与哪个外设相连的，不说明这个就会发生信号的错乱。
而输入则不同了，输入信号是由芯片外的信号驱动的，虽然该信号进入芯片内部后可能有不同的去向，但不需要对此进行配置，因为不会发生信号的冲突，最坏的情况就是多驱动了个寄存器而已。

在相应位置1时，P-MOS导，通N-MOS截止，输出电压为VDD；在相应位置0时，N-MOS导通，P-MOS截止，输出电压为VSS，这就是所谓的推挽。是比较简单的。

而所谓的开漏（对三极管而言是开集，一样的原理），则要巧妙一些。所谓开漏电路概念中提到的“漏”就是指MOS FET的漏极。同理，开集电路中的“集”就是指三极管的集电极。开漏电路就是指以MOS FET的漏极为输出的电路。一般的用法是会在漏极外部的电路添加上拉电阻。完整的开漏电路应该由开漏器件和开漏上拉电阻组成。

对于stm32，开漏就是失能了P-MOS，这样，当相应位置1时，引脚实际上是处在了浮空的状态，而通过外接的上拉电阻，将其拉高。

这么做有如下的好处：

1、可以将多个开漏输出的引脚，连接到一条线上。形成“与逻辑”关系。当多个引脚任意一个变低后，开漏线上的逻辑就为0了。这也是I2C，SMBus等总线判断总线占用状态的原理。在我的文章“stm32模拟iic——引脚配置、代码”中，还会提到这个问题。
2、 可以利用改变上拉电源的电压，改变传输电平。这样我们就可以用低电平逻辑控制输出高电平逻辑了。想想当初认为stm32输出3.3v电压带不动IRF540，就直接断定要重新选型，是错误的想法，只要将推挽输出变为开漏，再加上上拉到5v的电阻，就能解决这个问题。

上拉电阻的阻值决定了逻辑电平转换的沿的速度。阻值越大，速度越低功耗越小。反之亦然。