[2 使用C++11改进程序性能] 2.4 emplace_back

emplace_back能直接通过参数构造对象，避免了内存的拷贝，相比push_back性能有提升。大多数情况下，应优先使用emplace_back代替push_back。

标准库容器（array除外，长度不可改变，不能插入元素）都增加了类似方法：emplace,emplace_hint,emplace_front,emplace_after和emplace_back等。

vector的emplace_back的基本用法：

#include <vector>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

struct A
{
    int x;
    double y;
    A(int a, double b):x(a),y(b) {}
};

int main() {
    vector<A> v;
    v.emplace_back(1, 2);
    cout << v.size() << endl;
    return 0;
}

需要有对应的构造函数，如果没有对应的构造函数，编译器会报错。

emplace_back和push_back的比较：

#include <vector>
#include <map>
#include <string>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

struct Complicated
{
    int year;
    double country;
    std::string name;
    
    // 对应的构造函数
    Complicated(int a, double b, string c):year(a),country(b),name(c)
    {
        cout << "is constructed" << endl;
    }
    // "拷贝"构造函数
    Complicated(const Complicated& other):year(other.year),country(other.country),name(std::move(other.name))
    // std::move()将左值变为右值引用，应用move语义调用构造函数，避免了拷贝
    {
        cout << "is moved" << endl;
    }
};


int main() {
    std::map<int, Complicated> m;
    int anInt = 4;
    double aDouble = 5.0;
    std::string aString = "C++";
    cout << "insert:" << endl;
    m.insert(std::make_pair(1, Complicated(anInt, aDouble, aString)));
    cout << "emplace" << endl;
    m.emplace(4, Complicated(anInt, aDouble, aString));    

    cout << "emplace_back:" << endl;
    vector<Complicated> v;
    v.emplace_back(anInt, aDouble, aString);
    cout << "push_back:" << endl;
    v.push_back(Complicated(anInt, aDouble, aString));    

    return 0;    
}

输出:
insert:
is constructed
is moved
is moved
emplace:
is constructed
is moved
emplace_back:
is constructed
push_back:
is constructed
is moved
is moved

可以看出，emplace/emplace_back的性能比insert/push_back的性能提高很多。注意，不能完全用emplace_back代替push_back，前提是要有对应的构造函数。